Head Money Cases Summary

  • Last updated on November 10, 2022

The Head Money Cases expanded the powers of Congress to control immigration, to use taxation in regulating commerce, and to repeal treaties with foreign countries.

Before the 1880’s, individual U.S. states exercised the primary role in the admission of immigrants. In the Immigration Act of 1882, Congress moved to assume greater control over immigration policy. In order to obtain funds to compensate the states for the burden of financing needy immigrants, Congress approved a federal head tax of fifty cents on every immigrant. Owners of passenger ships challenged the constitutionality of the tax on the grounds that the tax was not applied uniformly throughout the United States, that the law was not passed to provide for common defense or general welfare, and that the tax conflicted with foreign treaties previously approved by the Senate.[c]Head Money CasesCapitation taxes;Head Money Cases"Head taxes"[head taxes];Head Money CasesStates and immigration law[c]Head Money CasesCapitation taxes;Head Money Cases"Head taxes"[head taxes];Head MoneyCasesStates and immigration law[cat]COURT CASES;Head Money Cases[02270][cat]IMMIGRATION REFORM;Head Money Cases[02270]

The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rejected each of the three arguments against the head tax. Speaking for the Court, Justice Miller, Samuel F.Samuel F. Miller explained, in the first place, that a fee was uniform because it “operates precisely alike in every port of the United States where such passengers can be landed.” Second, the head tax was not to be considered as an exercise of the taxing power, but rather it was a “mere incident of the regulation of commerce,” designed to mitigate “the evils inherent in the business of bringing foreigners to the United States.” Finally, because the U.S. Constitution recognized treaties and federal statutes to be of equal authority, Congress had almost an unlimited discretion to modify or disregard treaties.[c]Head Money CasesCapitation taxes;Head Money Cases"Head taxes"[head taxes];Head Money CasesStates and immigration law

Further Reading
  • Fairman, Charles. Mr. Justice Miller and the Supreme Court, 1862-1890. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, 2003.
  • LeMay, Michael, and Elliott Robert Barkan, eds. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999.

Citizenship

Congress, U.S.

Constitution, U.S.

History of immigration after 1891

Immigration law

Supreme Court, U.S.
Categories: History