By moving a profitable franchise from Brooklyn to Los Angeles, the Dodgers helped establish professional sports on a truly national basis.
It was once fashionable to teach American history in terms of Horace Greeley’s nineteenth century aphorism urging young men to “go West.” Although Americans did so, and indeed had done so since the original English settlements along the Atlantic Coast, professional sports were slow to follow suit.
The most attractive western magnet has traditionally been California. The discovery of gold there in the nineteenth century caused Americans to bypass the high plains and the Rockies and head for the Pacific Coast. A century later, with nearly six million citizens in 1940, California ranked fourth in population; in the next census, with ten million inhabitants, it was the second most populous state. Professional football
By contrast, baseball was America’s national pastime, drawing tens of millions of fans to professional games each year. In addition to the major National and American Leagues, a wide network of minor leagues drew thousands of loyal fans. By the postwar era, however, the major leagues’ structure had remained unchanged for nearly half a century; as a result, the majors had gotten seriously out of alignment with the country’s population centers. By 1950, there were teams in ten cities, the westernmost of which was St. Louis, which housed two teams, the Browns and the Cardinals. Chicago (Cubs and White Sox), Philadelphia
During the 1950’s, there were a few movements of existing baseball franchises. The Boston Braves
The departure of the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles in 1957 was the major breakthrough as the Dodgers became the first successful franchise to move from one city to another. The Brooklyn team had a long history as the storied “bums” whose nickname, the “Dodgers,” reputedly came from Brooklynites’ need to dodge ever-present trolley cars in the 1920’s. The Dodgers had won National League pennants in 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, and 1956 and had won the World Series in 1955. In the 1950’s, the franchise single-handedly accounted for 44 percent of the profits of the National League.
Although the franchise was profitable, the Dodgers played in Ebbets Field, an aging ballpark that could seat only thirty-two thousand fans and had poor parking and poorer prospects for expansion. Owner Walter O’Malley pressured the city of New York to provide land for a new stadium, but he simultaneously pressured Horace Stoneham, owner of the New York Giants
The Dodgers in particular, as the first major successful franchise to move, set a pattern that indelibly shaped the future of professional sports. The move reflected permanent changes in American society apart from demographics. For example, O’Malley recognized that air travel shrank the United States. Planes could now whisk baseball teams across the country to play a series on the West Coast, then fly them back east in time for their next games.
The Dodgers’ move also reflected the increasing importance of television
The team’s attendance declined by half, a fact that was used by owners to block local television broadcasting of NFL games for many years. Both responses foreshadowed future developments, as television revenues became increasingly important to sports franchises. Almost 60 percent of professional football revenues came from media broadcasts by 1990, while professional baseball, basketball, and hockey clubs depended on broadcast sales for nearly 50, 30, and 23 percent of operating income, respectively, the same year. Television also increasingly dictated the location of sports franchises. Sizable media markets fostered the move of the Braves from Milwaukee to Atlanta in 1966 and encouraged the creation of new baseball teams in such towns as Toronto, Seattle, Montreal, Denver, and Miami. The other major professional leagues followed suit, moving and adding franchises to keep pace with demographic shifts.
The move west not only reflected changes in business but also caused changes in baseball, which became a bigger business. As baseball became more commercial, the owners became less and less men who were born into the game (such as Bill Veeck, whose father had been an executive with the Chicago Cubs) or who had inherited a team (such as the Comiskey family, longtime owners of the Chicago White Sox). Increasingly, ownership of franchises became the province of wealthy men for whom baseball was often a secondary interest; some teams even became the property of corporations.
The Los Angeles Dodgers became highly successful, partly because O’Malley secured at virtually no cost from the City of Los Angeles three hundred acres of land near the city’s downtown for construction of a stadium.
The American League, to match the National and to forestall a projected Continental League, added teams in Minneapolis and Los Angeles. It was no accident that the new Los Angeles (later California) Angels were forced to play in Dodger Stadium until their own ballpark was opened. An American League team journeyed to the San Francisco area in 1968, when the Athletics, born in Philadelphia, ended their fourteen-year stay in Kansas City and moved to Oakland.
The obvious success of the Dodgers’ move helped trigger a general expansion of all of America’s major sports leagues through the addition of new teams. Professional football was the major beneficiary. The NFL was a comparatively minor league in 1952, when its eleven teams each enjoyed yearly revenues of only about $70,000. By 1960, the thirteen NFL teams received roughly $238,000 each. At the end of the decade, following the merger of the National and American Football Leagues, twenty-six NFL teams each received $1.75 million a year.
Similar changes occurred in the National Basketball Association
In the wake of the stability that had characterized major-league baseball through the 1950’s, when neither teams changed cities nor many players changed teams, sports teams and their athletes became much more mobile. The move of the Dodgers from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in part, paved the way. The financial success of the move encouraged the expansion of baseball and other sports through new franchises and helped make the business of sports far more national in scope.
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Kahn, Roger. The Boys of Summer. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Kahn, a Brooklyn-born sportswriter, covered the Dodgers during 1952 and 1953. In the late 1960’s, he revisited members of the early 1950’s teams. Kahn captures nicely the reverence Brooklyn fans had for the team, and he paints a realistic picture of “boys” once summer ends. -
Leonard, Wilbert Marcellus, II. A Sociological Perspective of Sport. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. Leonard’s chapters on history, economics, and the mass media provide interesting material on the impact of professional sports on the economy and society. -
Sullivan, Neil J. The Dodgers Move West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. An excellent one-volume survey of the move and the issues it raised. Includes a detailed accounting of the political maneuverings over the ball club in both New York and Los Angeles. Thorough and scholarly, with appendixes, extensive notes, and an index. -
Voight, David Quentin. From Postwar Expansion to the Electronic Age. Vol. 3 in American Baseball. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1983. A standard history of baseball, encyclopedic in scope. Voight covers the period from the 1940’s through the 1980’s in this volume. -
Zimbalist, Andrew S. Baseball and Billions: A Probing Look Inside the Big Business of Our National Pastime. New York: BasicBooks, 1992. Discusses the finances of major league baseball, showing how team owners distort accounting data to show losses instead of profits. Excellent insights into how the sport became a business.
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