Guest-worker programs in the United States, such as the mid-century bracero program, have often met with controversy due to variable labor conditions and their perceived effect on American wages and job availability.

Guest-worker programs import laborers from other countries into the United States for temporary employment. Early variants of such programs included Indentured servitude;and guest-worker programs[guest worker programs]indentured servitude during the colonial period, when European immigrant workers agreed to fixed terms of labor in exchange for transportation and other costs. The recruiting of Chinese railroad workers and other forms of contract labor during the mid-nineteenth century were also forms of indentured servitude; they were eventually outlawed by the [a]Foran Act of 1885Foran Act of 1885. Another form of indentured servitude was the nineteenth century Italian Padrone systemItalian immigrants;padrone systempadrone system, which was facilitated by labor contractors with transatlantic ties. These early forms of indentured servitude did not always require that the laborers return to their home countries at the end of their terms of service, but many indentured laborers did.Guest
workersAgriculture;guest workersGuest workersAgriculture;guest workers[cat]AGRICULTURAL WORKERS;Guest-worker programs[02180][cat]LABOR;Guest-worker programs[02180][cat]ECONOMIC ISSUES;Guest-worker programs[02180]

The best-known guest-worker arrangement in the United States was the Bracero programbracero program, which imported millions of Mexican agricultural laborers between 1942 and 1964. The imposition of this program required the repeal of the Foran Act, but growers’ associations successfully convinced the U.S. Congress that manpower shortages during World War II required new sources of farm labor. The program ended in 1964 amid increased scrutiny by labor regulators and in face of competition from the widespread mechanization of agricultural work.

During the early twenty-first century, President Bush, George W.George W. Bush’s proposal to expand guest-worker programs met with significant criticism across the political spectrum. As late as 2009, the United States continued to maintain limited guest-worker programs for agricultural, low-skilled, and skilled labor, through the issuance of “H” type temporary Visas;and guest-worker programs[guest worker programs]work visas.Guest workersAgriculture;guest workers

• Bustamante, Jorge, Clark Reynolds, and Raul Hinojosa Ojeda. U.S.-Mexico Relations: Labor Market Interdependence. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992.
• Griffith, David. American Guestworkers: Jamaicans and Mexicans in the U.S. Labor Market. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
• Jordan, Don. White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain’s White Slaves in America. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
• Ngai, Mae M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Alien Contract Labor Law of 1885

Bracero program

Contract labor system

Economic consequences of immigration

Employment

Farm and migrant workers

Federation for American Immigration Reform

Indentured servitude

Mexican immigrants