President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the Hazardous Substances Labeling Act, which required hazardous and potentially dangerous substances packaged for home use to have warning labels and expanded notions about the appropriate level of government regulation and oversight of private commerce.
The Hazardous Substances Labeling Act (HSLA) authorized the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Throughout most of U.S. history, evaluating product safety had been the buyer’s responsibility, not the government’s. In a largely agrarian society, in which most household products were made either at home or locally, such an approach was, for the most part, workable. At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, as American society became more industrialized and urban, and as previously unknown chemical additives and preservatives were being developed and more widely used, the approach became problematic.
In part because of public reaction to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
After World War II, a number of factors combined to cause legislators to question the adequacy of these laws. Perhaps most important were the countless new chemical compounds and atomic substances discovered by wartime researchers. Legislation current at the time could not begin to regulate these potentially dangerous materials. Further developments underscoring the need to evaluate existing product safety included a large increase in processed foods, several health scares involving chemicals and drugs, and an awareness, after years of experience with the legislation in force, of gaps and weaknesses in existing controls. Immediate action resulted in the Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947 and a number of amendments to the FDCA.
In 1950, Congress convened the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics
Introduced to Congress on March 5, 1959, the HSLA supplemented the Caustic Poison Act of 1927, which had required warning labels on only twelve hazardous substances. By 1960, however, an estimated 300,000 common household products existed that contained dangerous substances but did not require such labels. In the face of Senate committee estimates that five thousand children were dying yearly after ingesting unmarked household products, the bill received strong backing from many influential organizations, including the American Medical Association, the Manufacturing Chemists’ Association, and the Public Health Service. The Senate passed the bill on March 28, 1960, and the House passed an amended version on June 24, 1960. After approving the House amendments on June 24, 1960, the Senate forwarded the bill to President Dwight D. Eisenhower for his signature, which it received on July 12.
The law, which was administered by the Food and Drug Administration
Critics pointed out that the law did not provide for a centralized agency to test products to determine if they were hazardous, nor were manufacturers required to submit products and their accompanying labels to the FDA before marketing them. This oversight, they warned, would allow unscrupulous or underinformed manufacturers to sell dangerous products to the unsuspecting public. Only if the FDA learned of the product after it was on the market and then proved it was dangerous enough to be covered by the HSLA, could it move to force the manufacturer to add proper labeling or withdraw the product. Furthermore, no matter how dangerous a product was, a substance covered by the HSLA could not be banned from the market if it was properly labeled. Despite these weaknesses, most consumer protection advocates applauded the HSLA as a step in the right direction and used it as a springboard for more comprehensive legislation.
In his 1964 consumer interest message, President Lyndon B. Johnson claimed that consumer rights should include the right to safety, information, and choice, as well as the right to be heard. Johnson believed that these rights should be established by legislation and protected by the courts. He was not alone in these beliefs. In part because of precedents set by legislation such as the HSLA and in part because of consumer demand, lawmakers were becoming advocates for the consumer. Government officials dedicated to consumer protection included Estes Kefauver, who chaired the Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly; Arthur Flemming
President Johnson continued to champion consumer rights in a second message delivered on March 21, 1966. Several of his recommendations addressed the weaknesses of the HSLA. Johnson called for legislation that would broaden the HSLA to include all hazardous substances, ban household substances so dangerous that warning labels would not provide adequate safeguards, and forbid sale of hazardous toys and other dangerous items marketed for children. Johnson also endorsed legislation that would require warning labels on pressurized containers, decrease amounts of children’s aspirin in packages intended for home use, and mandate safety caps on certain patent drugs.
Largely in response to the president’s message, Congress enacted the Child Protection Act
While the new law addressed many of the weaknesses exposed by critics of the HSLA, it excluded President Johnson’s recommendations dealing with children’s aspirin, safety caps on drugs, and pressurized cans. The drug industry, strongly opposed to these requests, had asked Congress for time to deal voluntarily with the problems they posed. In November, 1966, the same month the Hazardous Substances Act became law, the FDA reached an agreement with drug-industry representatives on the children’s aspirin question. Beginning June 1, 1967, packages of children’s aspirin intended for home use could contain no more than thirty-six tablets, and each individual tablet was limited to 1.25 grains of aspirin. This agreement was not part of the amendments to the HSLA, but it was reached largely because of the precedent the 1960 law had set and the pressure it and similar laws had brought to bear on the drug industry.
Because of the HSLA, the HSA, the aspirin-packaging agreement, and subsequent related legislation (including the 1973 requirement that all drugs and medications have childproof packaging), consumer prices rose in response to the more stringent packaging requirements. The legislation did, however, save lives. After 1960, for example, poisoning deaths among children under five years of age decreased dramatically. In 1960, the year the HSLA was passed, 2.2 children per 100,000 had died from poisoning in the United States. By 1988, that rate had dropped to 0.2 per 100,000. Banning dangerous toys such as those with small parts that could cause choking or suffocation also helped prevent injury and death among children.
Consumer legislation passed in the 1960’s and 1970’s formed the bedrock of consumer protection in the United States. Beginning with the HSLA in 1960, this legislation included the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
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Asch, Peter. Consumer Safety Regulation: Putting a Price on Life and Limb. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Evaluates both the costs and benefits of consumer safety programs in the United States. Helps place the Hazardous Substances Labeling Act in context. Thoroughly documented. Includes an extensive bibliography. -
Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Congress and the Nation. Washington, D.C.: Author, 1965. Each of the first five volumes of this series includes a chapter on consumer issues. Together these chapters provide a thorough, cogent overview of the federal government’s role in the consumer protection movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s. Ample cross-references. -
Evans, Joel R., ed. Consumerism in the United States. New York: Praeger, 1980. Examines consumerism in ten industries including household products. Includes a history of the movement and analyzes government action, industry responses, and the effects of consumerism on each industry in question. Each chapter includes a lengthy bibliography. -
Morganstern, Stanley. Legal Protection for the Consumer. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1978. Discusses consumer legislation in the various states in relation to federal law in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Of supplemental interest. -
Pertschuk, Michael. Revolt Against Regulation: The Rise and Pause of the Consumer Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. Pertschuk, the chair of the Federal Trade Commission when this book was published, details the interaction of the government, the private sector, citizens, and others from the beginning of the consumer movement in the 1960’s to the beginning of deregulation in the 1980’s. The first chapter focuses on legislative action in the 1960’s. -
Sprankling, John G., and Gregory S. Weber. The Law of Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances in a Nutshell. St. Paul, Minn.: West, 1997. Comprehensive guide to all aspects of U.S. hazardous-substance and hazardous-waste laws. Index.
Congress Sets Standards for Chemical Additives in Food
Thalidomide Tragedy Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment
Confirmation of Asbestos Hazards Sparks Widespread Litigation
Nader Launches the Consumer Rights Movement
Federal Law Requires Cigarette Warning Labels
Freedom of Information Act Goes into Effect
Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed
Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Banned from U.S. Consumer Markets
Cigarette Ads Are Banned from Broadcast Media
Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act