Hollywood studios enacted the Motion Picture Production Code, which prohibited all references in film to homosexuality or “sex perversion.” The code was strengthened in 1934 under pressure from the Catholic-led Legion for Decency, and it remained in force until the mid-1960’s.
Reeling from scandals, criticisms that movies corrupted America’s youth, and threats to establish more local and state censorship boards, the heads of the major studios in 1922 hired Will H. Hays, U.S. president William Harding’s
In 1930, the MPPDA ratified the Motion Picture Production Code (sometimes called, inaccurately, the Hays code), pledging its members to abide by its guidelines on what was and was not appropriate content for film. Homosexuality was not a significant feature in the scandals and criticisms, nor did it receive elaborate consideration in the code. One terse sentence, however, banned homosexuality from the screen: “Sex perversion or any inference to it is forbidden.”
Most of the code was written by Father Daniel A. Lord, a professor of drama at St. Louis University. Recognizing the power of film, Lord felt that chances to shape society by producing films that glorified morality had been lost. Lord and his coauthors made the code into more that just a set of do’s and don’ts; they described film’s unique place in popular culture and argued for its ability to promote moral values. The authors, however, soon felt betrayed because Hollywood ignored the code in the early 1930’s, filling films with sex and violence in an effort to turn a profit in the days of the Great Depression.
To pressure Hollywood, the Roman Catholic Church
Breen and the PCA were largely successful in keeping the open and direct portrayal of the lives of gays and lesbians off the screen, even when a film’s historical, literary, or theatrical source had queer content. When faced with the code’s prohibition, filmmakers often made substitutions. In These Three, for example, a 1936 adaption of Lillian Hellman’s hit play The Children’s Hour in which two female teachers of a girls’ school were lesbians, became the story of a rumor that one teacher was having a heterosexual affair with the fiancé of the other teacher.
In adapting a novel into the film The Lost Weekend
Gays and lesbians, though, were not completely absent from the screen, though their orientation was never directly acknowledged nor portrayed in a positive or sympathetic way. At best, they were confused about their gender identity, as in Calamity Jane (1953). At worst, same-gender desire was coded in such a way to make the villain more villainous. These villains include the sinister housekeeper tormenting the new Mrs. DeWinter in Rebecca (1940) or Bruno in Strangers on a Train (1951), who offered to swap murders with a tennis star aspiring to marry a senator’s daughter.
By the early 1960’s, the PCA’s ability to shape the presentation of certain topics was diminishing. Nonetheless, the office still moved to keep homosexuality off the screen, even in the vaguest of references. One of the more noted examples was when the PCA required director Stanley Kubrick to delete the scene in Spartacus (1960) where the Roman general Crassus questions his slave about the slave’s preference for oysters or snails. Nevertheless, under pressure from studios wishing to include adult material in a responsible way, the PCA amended the code: “In keeping with the culture, the mores and values of our time, homosexuality and other sexual aberrations may now be treated with care, discretion and restraint.” This openness, however, did not represent an improvement. Those characters who acknowledged or acted on their desire were fated to meet an untimely end. In a 1961 remake of The Children’s Hour, one of the teachers hangs herself after confessing her desire for the other teacher. In Suddenly, Last Summer (1959) a man is punished for his homosexuality by being cannibalized by his tricks, while in Advise and Consent (1962) a senator slits his throat when he learns he is about to be blackmailed for a youthful homosexual indiscretion.
Cataloging Hollywood’s misrepresentation of queer lives addresses only the most obvious impact of the production code’s ban on depictions of homosexuality. More subtly, and more deadly, the films made under the code meant that for more than thirty years, according to the documentary film The Celluloid Closet
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Barrios, Richard. Screened Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood, from Edison to Stonewall. New York: Routledge, 2002. -
Black, Gregory D. Hollywood Censored: Morality Codes, Catholics, and the Movies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. -
Miller, Frank. Censored Hollywood: Sex, Sin, and Violence on Screen. Atlanta: Turner, 1994. -
Russo, Vito. The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies. Rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. -
Tyler, Parker. Screening the Sexes: Homosexuality in the Movies. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993.
February, 1927: Wales Padlock Law Censors Risque Theater
March 7, 1967: CBS Airs CBS Reports: The Homosexuals
1979-1981: First Gay British Television Series Airs
1985: GLAAD Begins Monitoring Media Coverage of Gays and Lesbians
1985: Lesbian Film Desert Hearts Is Released
July 25, 1985: Actor Hudson Announces He Has AIDS
1988: Macho Dancer Is Released in the Philippines
1992-2002: Celebrity Lesbians Come Out
March 21, 2000: Hollywood Awards Transgender Portrayals in Film
September 7, 2001: First Gay and Lesbian Television Network Is Launched in Canada
March 5, 2006: Brokeback Mountain, Capote, and Transamerica Receive Oscars