Kennedy, Anthony M.

A moderately conservative justice with distinct libertarian tendencies, Kennedy has often provided the swing vote on important issues before the Supreme Court.

The son of a prominent lawyer, Anthony M. Kennedy earned a bachelor’s degree in political science from Stanford University and a law degree from Harvard Law School in 1961. After his graduation, he worked for a prestigious law firm in San Francisco but left in 1963 to take over his deceased father’s law practice in Sacramento. In addition to being a successful lawyer, he actively worked with the Republican Party, and established personal friendships with people such as Edward MeeseMeese, Edward. In 1975, President Gerald FordFord, Gerald;and Anthony M. Kennedy[Kennedy] nominated him to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, on which he wrote more than four hundred decisions over the next thirteen years. He also found the time to teach constitutional law at California’s University of the Pacific from 1965 to 1988.Reagan, Ronald;nominations to the Court

In late 1987, President Ronald ReaganReagan, Ronald;nominations to the Court nominated Kennedy as associate justice of the Supreme Court. Kennedy was Reagan’s third nominee to replace the centrist Lewis F. PowellPowell, Lewis F., Jr.;replacement of, Jr. After the contentious and unsuccessful nominations of Robert BorkBork, Robert and Douglas GinsburgGinsburg, Douglas, Reagan was looking for a reliable conservative judge with a noncontroversial reputation for stability, competence, and moderation. Although both liberals and conservatives on the Senate Judiciary Committee expressed reservations about Kennedy’s views, he made a favorable impression as a highly competent and open-minded man of judicial temperament, and the Senate confirmed him with a 97-0 vote. He took his seat on February 18, 1988.

During his first few years on the Court, Kennedy had a strongly conservative record, most often voting with Chief Justice William H. RehnquistRehnquist, William H.;and Anthony M. Kennedy[Kennedy] and Justice Antonin Scalia. The chief justice assigned an unusually large number of opinions to Kennedy, and some commentators referred to him as “Rehnquist’s lieutenant.”

ItAbortion;and Anthony M. Kennedy[Kennedy] was widely assumed that Kennedy, a practicing Roman CatholicRoman Catholics on the Court, favored the reversal of Roe v. Wade,[c]Roe v. Wade which had recognized the right of women to terminate unwanted pregnancies. This was particularly true after he joined a 5-4 majority in approving restrictions on abortions in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services[c]Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989). However, in the highly publicized case, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey[c]Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992), he surprised observers with his support for the 5-4 majority that reaffirmed Roe, joining the plurality opinion that the rejection of an established precedent required more than simply a belief that the case had been wrongly decided. Kennedy continued, nevertheless, to approve of restrictions on abortion. He dissented, for example, in Stenberg v. Carhart[c]Stenberg v. Carhart (2000), when the majority struck down Nebraska’s law that criminalized partial-birth abortions.

On the issue of gay rights,Gay and lesbian rights;and Anthony M. Kennedy[Kennedy] Kennedy wrote the Court’s opinion In Romer v. Evans[c]Romer v. Evans (1996), invalidating a section in Colorado’s constitution that forbade communities from passing antidiscrimination ordinances to protect gays and lesbians. Gays were disappointed when he voted with the majority in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale[c]Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000), recognizing that the organization’s rights of expression and association permitted it to ban gay scoutmasters. In Lawrence v. Texas[c]Lawrence v. Texas (2003), however, he wrote the Court’s opinion, holding that states may not prohibit homosexual relations between consenting adults. One of the most notable aspects of Kennedy’s Lawrence opinion was its many references to European jurists and international law as references for interpreting the U.S. ConstitutionConstitutional interpretation;and foreign laws[foreign laws].

During the early twenty-first century, Kennedy joined the liberal wing of the Court in many high-profile cases. He authored the majority opinion in Roper v. Simmons[c]Roper v. Simmons (2005), prohibiting the executions of felons younger than eighteen when they commit their crimes. He also authored the official opinion in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition[c]Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002), declaring that government had no constitutional authority to prohibit computer- generated child pornographyChild pornography. In the highly controversial case, Kelo v. City of New London[c]Kelo v. City of New London (2005), he joined the liberals in supporting local governments’ use of eminent domain to take private property for economic development.

However, Kennedy also was frequently on the side of the more conservative justices, as when he dissented in Rompilla v. Beard[c]Rompilla v. Beard (2005), arguing that the Court should be very cautious about making after-the-fact judgments about the strategies and qualifications of defense attorneys. He voted with the minority in Grutter v. Bollinger[c]Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), opposing the use of racial preferences for university admissions to promote diversity. In Hudson v. Michigan[c]Hudson v. Michigan (2006), he supported the use of criminal evidence obtained in a search when the officers did not follow the procedure of “knock and announce,Knock-and-announce rule[knock and announce rule]” although he wrote a separate concurrence saying that the decision would not affect other applications of the exclusionary rule. Often he supported states’ rights,States’ rights[states rights];and Anthony M. Hudson v. Michigan[Hudson v. Michigan] although in the highly publicized case of Bush v. Gore[c]Bush v. Gore (2000), he angered liberals when supporting the cessation of the recount of Florida ballots, ensuring the victory of President George W. Bush.Bush, George W.;election of

In early 2006, when Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, who had often provided the swing vote, was replaced by Samuel Alito, whose record was quite conservative, commentators noted that this change left Kennedy as the most centrist of the nine justices. For this reason, it was widely expected that his positions would have a disproportionate impact on the direction of the court through the next few years. During the second half of the Court’s 2005-2006 term, he did indeed provide the swing vote in a number of 5-4 decisions. In the Hudson ruling, for example, he joined with the four more conservative justices to allow for an exception in the application of the exclusionary rule. In the case of Rapanos v. United States,[c]Rapanos v. United States in contrast, he joined with the four more liberal justices to prevent a significant weakening of the Clear Water Act (1972).Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

In addition to his work on the Court, Kennedy has not been timid about speaking out on public policy issues. In July, 2003, Attorney General John AshcroftAshcroft, John announced that the Department of Justice would monitor whether federal judges were imposing the federal mandatory minimum sentences. Kennendy responded in a speech to the American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar Association on August 9, 2003. Calling the guidelines “unwise and unjust,” he declared, “Our resources are misspent, our punishments too severe, our sentencing too long,” and he urged ABA members to work toward reforming the criminal justice in a more humane way. Observing the social costs of giving long sentences for the possession of small amounts of marijuana, he concluded that “out of sight, out of mind is an unacceptable excuse for a prison system that incarcerates over two million human beings in the United States.”

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