A map showing some of the major cultural centers of ancient Africa.
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San Peoples Create Earliest African Art
BaTwa Peoples Thrive in Central Africa
Saharan Peoples Create Rock Art
Nilo-Saharan Peoples Produce Food and Pottery
Khoisan Peoples Disperse Throughout Southern Africa
Nilo-Saharan Farmers Spread Cultivation and Herding
Niger-Congo Religion Takes Hold Across West Africa
Omotics Advance Farming Practices in Horn of Africa
Niger-Congo Peoples Spread Agriculture in Africa
Gash Civilization Thrives in Africa
Wawat Chiefdom Flourishes in Lower Nubia
First Great Expansion of Berber Peoples Across North Africa
Kerma Kingdom Develops and Dominates Lower Nubia
Kerma Kingdom Rules Nubia
Hyksos Create Second Intermediate Period
Berbers Expand Across North Africa
Third Intermediate Period Begins in Egypt
Sub-Saharan Ironworking Begins
Mashariki Bantu Establish Chifumbaze Ironworking Culture
Nok Artists Develop Terra-cotta Sculpture
Urban Commerce Develops in the Sudan Belt
Kushite King Piye Conquers Upper Egypt
Phoenicians from Tyre Found Carthage
Ironworking Spreads into Sub-Saharan Africa
Napata Kingdom Flourishes in Kush
Shabaka Reunites the Nile Valley
Meroitic Empire Rules from Southern Egypt to the Blue Nile
Libyan Garamantes Flourish as Farmers and Traders
Socially Stratified Kingdoms Arise Around the Middle Niger River
City-State of Yeha Flourishes in the Ethiopian Highlands
Bantu Peoples Spread Farming Across Southern Africa
Commercial City of Jenne Is Founded on Niger River
Berber Kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania Flourish
Khoikhoi and Kwadi Adopt Pastoral Lifestyle
First Punic War
Battle of Zama
Third Punic War
Marius Creates a Private Army
East African Trading Port of Rhapta Flourishes
Kingdom of Aksum Emerges
Giant Stelae Are Raised at Aksum
Bantu People Invent Copper Metallurgy
Ezana Expands Aksum, Later Converts to Christianity
Ancient Ghana Emerges
Lydenburg Bantus Sculpt Life-Size Terra-cotta Heads
Vandals Seize Carthage
