David Lean’s Lawrence of Arabia combined an epic portrayal of war in the Arabian Peninsula with a complex portrait of a tormented hero. The film won seven Academy Awards, including the award for Best Picture.
T. E. Lawrence was a British archaeologist who became a lieutenant in the army in 1914 and was assigned to gather intelligence on the activities of Turkey in the Middle East during World War I. He urged his superiors to support the Arab revolt against the Turks, who controlled many of the Arab countries. Lawrence quickly became an expert military tactician, leading hit-and-run guerrilla attacks behind the Turkish lines. In November, 1917, he was briefly captured by the Turks. Lawrence then helped the Arab forces secure the cities of Aqaba and Damascus and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Following World War I, Lawrence campaigned for Arab independence while American journalist Lowell Thomas conducted illustrated lectures about Lawrence’s adventures. Lawrence published his own account as The Seven Pillars of Wisdom
Following Lawrence’s death, many efforts were made to bring his compelling story to the big screen. Producer Alexander Korda
In 1959, Veteran Hollywood producer Sam Spiegel, who won Academy Awards for On the Waterfront (1954) and The Bridge on the River Kwai
The project’s initial problems included legal obstacles to obtaining the rights to Lawrence’s book, finding a screenwriter who could capture the filmmakers’ vision of their hero, and casting the role. Spiegel wanted Marlon Brando
French actor Maurice Ronet was initially set for the second largest role, that of Sherif Ali, Lawrence’s closest Arab friend and adviser, but Lean felt him unsuitable and went with another unknown, Omar Sharif, who had made twenty-one films in his native Egypt. Anthony Quinn was chosen to play the bandit Auda abu Tayi, Arthur Kennedy
Screenwriter Michael Wilson, best known for A Place in the Sun (1951), was hired to write the screenplay. Wilson had been blacklisted
After seeing A Man for All Seasons (1960), Robert Bolt’s dramatization of Thomas More’s battle of principles against Henry VIII, Spiegel hired the playwright to complete the screenplay. Bolt finished the script in seven weeks and asked for sole credit. Several sources have compared the efforts of the two screenwriters and concluded that Bolt’s version was deeply indebted to Wilson’s. Although only Bolt’s name appears in the credits, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences decided in 1995 that Wilson’s contributions warranted his sharing the Oscar nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay with Bolt. After shooting began, Beverley Cross
Filming began May 15, 1961, in Jordan. Though Lean wanted to shoot the entire film in the Middle East, Spiegel later moved the location to Spain to control escalating production costs. Shooting finally ended in Morocco on October 20, 1962. Lawrence of Arabia received a royal premiere before Queen Elizabeth II in London on December 10, 1962, and opened at New York City’s Criterion Theater on December 16.
Initial reviews complained about the film’s length and languid pace. Other commentators were drawn to political and historical perspectives. Although reassessment of British colonial history had begun following the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, Lawrence of Arabia was controversial in some quarters for its anticolonial stance and sympathetic portrayal of Arabs. Because of these qualities, the film has appeared differently to succeeding generations who perceive it through the filter of their own place in history.
Lawrence of Arabia was also controversial for presenting a deeply flawed hero. Lawrence not only outrages many of his fellow officers by identifying with the Arabs but evolves into a sadomasochist and is represented as possibly gay as well. Lawrence’s brother, Arnold, protested this interpretation in a letter to The Times of London, yet the complexity of the protagonist at a time when most movie heroes were unambiguous was precisely what excited many viewers.
During the 1950’s and much of the 1960’s, expensive Hollywood films opened slowly in major American cities and often took months to appear in smaller venues. This “roadshow” or “platform” method of releasing films was meant to build anticipation in potential moviegoers. Columbia Pictures
Lawrence of Arabia did only moderate business before it received ten Academy Award nominations. When it won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Director,
Following such films as Around the World in Eighty Days (1956), The Ten Commandments (1956), Ben-Hur (1959), Spartacus (1960), and El Cid (1961), Lawrence of Arabia proved that big-budget extravaganzas did not necessarily require all-star casts, elaborate sets and costumes, and a setting in the distant past. The film showed that such spectacles could engage the intellect as well as the senses by having a tortured, all-too-human protagonist. In capturing Lawrence’s neurotic nuances, O’Toole made an indelible impression. In 2006, Premiere magazine named his performance the best of all time.
Lawrence of Arabia is the most beautifully photographed of these spectacles, with Lean and cinematographer Freddie Young, shooting in 70mm, capturing the humanity of characters thrown against the immense backdrop of the desert. To film one of the most famous scenes, Lean positioned Sharif one-quarter mile from a waterhole. He first appears on the screen as a tiny speck that approaches, becoming slowly larger, until the image of a man on a camel emerges. The audacity of a director forcing his viewers to be patient, watch, and think profoundly affected the generation of filmmakers that began emerging in the late 1960’s.
The influence of Lawrence of Arabia can be seen in numerous films: It would not be an exaggeration to say that David Lean’s work permanently and decisively influenced the film epic.
Following the 1962 premieres, Spiegel induced Lean to cut twenty minutes from the film, because many critics felt it was overly long. Lean cut fifteen more minutes in 1970 for a televised version. Most viewers did not have an opportunity to see Lawrence of Arabia in its entirety until film restorer Robert Harris
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Brownlow, Kevin. David Lean. New York: St. Martin Press, 1996. Massive biography, possibly the best ever of a director. Most detailed look, based on extensive interviews, at the production. -
Caton, Steven C.“Lawrence of Arabia”: A Film Anthropology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Thorough examination of the historical background. Argues that the film is an allegory about anthropologists. -
Fraser-Cavassoni, Natasha. Sam Spiegel. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003. Biography of the producer that provides details about the casting of Lawrence of Arabia and the difficulties of shooting on location. -
Hodson, Joel C. Lawrence of Arabia and American Culture: The Making of a Transatlantic Legend. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995. Tells how Lowell Thomas and others have exploited and distorted the Lawrence myth. The chapter on the film emphasizes the Wilson and Bolt screenplays. -
Morris, L. Robert, and Lawrence Raskin.“Lawrence of Arabia”: The Thirtieth Anniversary Pictorial History. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Hundreds of photographs of Lawrence, shots of the production process, stills from the film, posters, and pictures from the premiere, the Oscars, and the 1989 re-release. Describes failed Lawrence projects. Forward by Martin Scorsese. -
Turner, Adrian. The Making of David Lean’s “Lawrence of Arabia.” Limpsfield, Surrey, England: Dragon World, 1994. Lavishly illustrated account of the production. Analyzes differences between scripts by Wilson and Bolt and contributions of other writers. Includes scene-by-scene summary of Wilson’s final draft.
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