abolitionism; beginnings of, 677; racist motivations in, 655
A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (Thomas Hariot), 99, 107
Academy of Philadelphia, 608
Account of the Expedition to Cibola Which Took Place in the Year 1540, in Which All Those Settlements, Their Ceremonies and Customs, Are Described (Castañeda), 13–21
Account of Two Voyages to New-England Made During the Years 1638, 1663, An (Josselyn), 142, 149
Africans and African Americans; stereotypes of, 525, 653, 713
agriculture; development of, 591, 598
alcohol; effects on American Indians, 87, 360
Algonquians; culture of, 104; diet of, 504; linguistic similarities of, 156; military capacity of, 105–106; religious beliefs of, 105; social hierarchy of, 106
American colonies; early cooperation between, 250–252; education in, 601, 605; growth of, 209; historiography of, 352, 578; profitability of, 576, 712
American colonists; religious and cultural differences between, 198–199
American exceptionalism, 463
American Indians; Christianity and, 176–177; clothing of, 197; colonists’ assumptions about, 114, 454; colonists’ attitudes toward, 351; Connecticut settlers and, 566–567; critique of culture, 359; critique of culture, 359, 454; depictions of, 498, 502, 504; diseases, 146; early colonial contact, 137–139, 454; early history of, 138; French alliances with, 88; hunting practices, 148; intermarriage with settlers, 351–352; names for, 157; New Netherland, 47–48; North Carolina settlement and, 354–362; perceptions of, 199; reception in France, 68; religion, 146–147; Rhode Island settlers and, 156; Spanish treatment of, 23–28; speculation upon origins of, 157, 197; US policy toward, 233
Andros, Edmund, 306, 310–312, 375
Anglo-French colonial relations, 427
Anglo-French rivalry, 424
antidefamation laws, 585, 587
antimiscegenation laws, 644
Antinomian Controversy, 266, 466, 467, 476
apocalyptic beliefs. See millennialism
Arawaks, 8
aristocracy; colonial settlement and, 340, 576; competing factions of, 336–337, 342; patronage within, 608
Articles, Laws, and Orders, Devine, Politic, and Martial for the Colony in Virginia (Gates), 235–242
Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England, 245–253
Ashbridge, Elizabeth, 620–627
Ashley-Cooper, Anthony. See Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, First Earl of assimilation; slaves and, 713
“At the Town-House in Boston”, 310–311
authenticity; Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges; authorship, 326
Autobiography (Franklin), 699–706
Awashonks (sachem), 365, 369–371
Aztecs; Spanish conquest of, 17
barbarism, 27
Barlowe, Arthur, 31–38
Bayard, Nicholas, 216
Bayley, Joseph, 515
Beauharnois, Marquis de (Charles de la Boische), 87
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; Moravian Brethren in, 76
Beverley, Robert, 345–346
biblical allusions, 125, 127, 207, 210, 652
“Boston Declaration of Grievances, The” (Mather), 305–313
Boston Revolt of 1689, effects of, 313
Bourgmont, Etienne Véniard de, 62–69
Bradford, William, 120–128, 131–132, 245, 246, 296, 320–321
Bradstreet, Simon, 306–307
Brainerd, David (Presbyterian missionary), 78
Brief and Candid Answer to a late Printed Sheet Entitled the Selling of Joseph, A (Saffin), 655
Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (White, Hariot), 36
“Brief Recognition of New England’s Errand into the Wilderness, A” (Samuel Danforth), 479–486
“Britain’s Mercies, and Britain’s Duties” (Whitefield), 551
British-American tensions; competing aristocracy in, 336–337, 343
British government; anti-independence tactics of, 339
Bull, William, 680–687, 689–690
Burnet, William, 441
Byrd, William, 352, 571–578
Cammerhof, Johann Friedrich, 79
capital punishment; biblical basis for, 281; social control through, 241
Captain Arthur Barlowe’s Narrative of the First Voyage to the Coast of America (Barlowe), 31–39
captivity narratives, 503, 505; spiritual pilgrimage, as, 504
Carolinas; compared to other colonies, 389
Carver, John, 296, 448
Castañeda, Pedro de, 13–14, 21
Cato’s Letters (Gordon and Trenchard), 437
Cawtantowit (god), 157
Charles I, King of England; execution, 265
Chaumonot, Pierre-Joseph-Marie (Jesuit missionary), 52, 53
Christian Indians; Roman Catholic teachings and, 57; social standing of, 79
Christianity, 187; American Indians and, 188, 359–360; cultural development through, 157, 654; higher education and, 606; legal issues, 525; slavery, changing views on, 642, 664–665; Spanish Empire and, 28; trade and, 60
church and state, 542; Christians vs. non-Christians in Pennsylvania government, 331; Crown vs. Massachusetts Puritans, 339; natural law in, 379–380; New England, 369; Pennsylvania, 290–291
Church, Benjamin, 364–371
“Churches Quarrel Espoused, The” (Wise), 374
Church of England, 703; conversion of slaves, 713; differences with Separatists, 198–199; founding of, 274; influence in Virginia, 708; Quakerism and, 620, 624–625; suppression of dissenters, 488–489, 492
Church, Thomas, 364
civil religion. See also theocracy
civil society, individual and, 380
class; colonization and, 117
clothing; women’s pocket, 504
Coggeshall, John, 475
colonial government; religious aspects, 265–272
colonialism; Spanish, 182
colonial warfare; international implications, 428
colonization; American Indian subjugation key to, 117; conformity and, 242; critique of, 360; doubts about, 109; impact on American Indians, 38–39; promotion of, 136–139, 192, 196, 206, 345, 349–352; secular account of, 346, 349–351, 576
colony formation; economic aspects, 462; ethical guidelines, 462
Columbus, Christopher, 3–10
“Conference Between Governor Burnet and the Indians” (Burnet and the Five Nations), 441
conflict of interest; judges and, 587
congregationalism, 268
Connecticut; conflict with Dutch, 252; militia, 393
consensus; Iroquois system of, 231, 232; majority rule vs., 230
Constitution of the Iroquois Nations: The Great Binding Law, (Gayanashagowa), 225–232
conversion narrative; characteristics of, 625
convict labor system, 709, 714–715
copper, importance of, 37
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 13–21
Cortes, Hernán, 17–18
Cosby, William, 581
Cotton, John, 265–272, 466, 467, 474, 475
Council for New England, 192
coureurs des bois (French woodsmen), 429
Court of Oyer and Terminer, 515
court proceedings; guilt by association, 493; individual’s rights in, 282; jury nullifaction, 588; precedent in, 586
Cousins, John, 665
Cuba; Columbus’s voyage, 9
cultural bias; European settlement and, 361; missionary work and, 57, 79
cultural relativism, 197; Europeans vs. American Indians, 359, 360; social critique through, 361; Virginia planter society and Britain, 712
culture loss; reasons for, 59, 360
currency, colonial, 418–421
Currency Reform Act, 419–422
Curse of Ham, 654
Cushman, Robert, 126, 296, 447–448
Cuzco, 18
Dale, Thomas, 242
Danforth, Samuel, 479, 480, 483–486
Dauphin Island, 67
Declaration of Indulgences, 495
Dekanawidah, 225–226
Delaware Colony; founding of, 333
Delawares; Moravian mission work among, 78
De la Warr, Lord. See West, Thomas
Description of the New Netherlands (van der Donck), 41–49
diplomacy; Iroquois and French negotiations, 59
Discourse Concerning the Currencies of the British Plantations in America (W. Douglass), 630
Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission, A (Mayhew), 555
disease; effects on American Indians, 360; ergot fungus and Salem witch hysteria, 515; immigrant ships and, 207; impact on American Indians, 197; Mayflower and, 127; missionary work and, 53, 57; transatlantic transmission of, 666–667
divine providence; immigration and, 207
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America (Donnan), 658–668
Dominion of New England; formation of, 306
Donnan, Elizabeth (ed.), 658, 659
Douglass, William, 630
Dudley, Joseph, 336–343
Dudley, Thomas, 467, 474
Dudley, William, 340–341
Dukandarra, 675, 676
Dutch West India Company, 41–42, 49
Easton, John, 172–173
Eaton, Theophilus, 245, 246
economic opportunity; New World vs. Old World, 210
education; secular teachings and, 601, 606
Edward (slave ship), 665
Edwards, Jonathan, 528–536
Elizabeth I (England), 479
empire-building; drivers of, 117, 239, 576
encomienda system, 23, 24, 27
England; religious division in, 494; religious tolerance in, 495
“England’s Present Interest Considered, with Honour to the Prince, and Safety to the People” (Penn), 488–495
English Civil War, 256, 257; social effects of, 351
English Liberties and Deference (Dudley), 336–343
Enlightenment; influence of, 346, 351, 355, 586, 601; social impact of, 336, 571
equality; law and, 279
Essential Rights and Liberties of Protestants, The (Williams), 538–545
ethnographic writing; Eurocentric language in, 114–115; firsthand experience in, 359; guidance for colonists in, 116–117; mission work and, 52, 59; Roger Williams on Narragansetts, 156
ethnographic writing, colonial, 103
Eurocentrism; ethnography and, 114–115
European contact; intermarriage, 351, 577
European culture; Roger Williams’s critique of, 158, 159
Exact Description of Louisiana (Bourgmont), 62–69
Exhortation and Caution to Friends Concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes, An (Keith), 721
family; Iroquois structure, 230; slavery’s effects on, 653
Fernandina, 8
First Church of Boston, 266
First Great Awakening, 538, 542, 544. See Great Awakening
Five Nations, 441
Fort d’Orleans, 68
forts, colonial French, 62
Fortune, 448
Forward, Jonathan, 714
“Founding Vision for Georgia” (Oglethorpe), 384–391
Frame of Government of Pennsylvania (Penn), 285–293, 325, 331
France; alliance with Spain, 428; Caribbean colonies, 429; colonial expansion, effects of, 232; colonial fur trade, 429; Indian allies, 429; rivalry with Britain, 428
Franklin, Benjamin, 601–602, 699–706; Great Law of Peace and, 232; views on education, 605–608
fraud, 280, 643
freedmen, 694
freedom of speech; arguments for, 586; early movements, 588–589
freedom of the press; early movements, 588–589
French and Indian War; alliances in, 232
French Canada, 424–430
French colonists, 62
French settlement; English view of, 577; growth of, 82
Frethorne, Richard, 717; Letter to His Parents, 717
Frisby, James, 659, 665
frontier; American identity based on, 505; heroic frontiersman archetype, 503; insecurity on, 208, 250, 351, 571, 577
fugitive slave laws, 644
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (Locke), 256–263
fur trade, 82, 89–90
Galissonière, Roland-Michel Barrin, Marquis de la, 424–425, 427–430
Gans, Joachim, 37
Gates, Thomas, 235–236, 239–242
Gayanashagowa. See Great Law of Peace
General Assembly of Pennsylvania, 326, 331–332
General History of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles, The (John Smith), 109
Georgia Colony; charter, 388, 390; compared to other colonies, 389; economy, 389; financial development of, 391; financial plan for, 388; geographic location, 389–390; rationale for, 384, 388; religion in, 390; trustees, 390
Germantown, Pennsylvania; founding of, 202, 208
Gilbert, Humphrey, 35
Glen, James, 667
Glorious Revolution of 1688, 306, 312, 495
Glover, Elias, 665
Gnadenhutten Massacre, 72
Gnadenhutten, Pennsylvania; Moravian Brethren settlement at, 77–78
Gordon, Thomas, 437
government; natural law and, 380–381
government policies; impacts on Moravian community, 79
“Government the Pillar of the Earth” (Colman), 547
Gray, Captain, 665
Great Awakening, 414, 528–536, 699–706
“Great Awakening, The” (Jonathan Edwards), 528–536
Great Dying (plague), 197
Great Law of Peace, 225, 230–233. See also Constitution of the Iroquois Nations
Grenville, Richard, 31
Guinea, 675
Guzmán, Nuño de, 18–19
hagiography; Cotton Mather’s use of, 322
Hamilton, Andrew, 581–582
Hammond, John, 717
Hariot, Thomas, 36, 99–100, 103–107
Haudenosaunee. See Iroquois Confederacy
Heckewelder, John, 71–72, 76
Henry VIII (England), 479
Hiawatha, 225
Hispaniola, 9
History and Present State of Virginia, The (Beverley), 345–352
History of King Philip’s War, The (Church), 364–371
History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay, The (Hutchinson), 414–422
History of the Dividing Line, The (Byrd), 571–578
history, social and moral use of, 606
House of Burgesses, 638
Hudson, Henry, 46
human corruption, 270
human nature; politics and, 256
human rights; government protection of, 280
Hurons; Jesuit missions among, 52–53, 57–58
husquenaugh, 360
Hutchinson, Anne, 466–476; Antinomian Controversy, 266
Hutchinson, Thomas, 414–415
immigration; Iroquois policies on, 231; reasons for, 206, 210; ship voyage and, 207; white settlers, 714, 715
In Defense of the Indians (Las Casas), 23, 28
indentured servants 611–618; compared to African slaves, 611; diminishing importation of, 653; legal rights of, 281; opportunities for, 714; slaves versus, 643; women as, 621
Indians; Columbus and, 8–9
indigo; as South Carolina crop, 592
individual rights; Iroquois protection of, 231
Iroquoian language group, 57
Iroquois Confederacy, 225; American Revolution, reaction to, 232; Grand Council, 230; Jesuit description of, 58–59; Moravian Brethren’s interactions with, 76–77; power and influence of, 59, 60; unification of, 229–230
Iroquois League. See Five Nations
Israelites and Puritans, parallels, 463
James II (king of England), 306
Jamestown; early challenges of, 240; settlement of, 240; relations with American Indians, 115
Jesuit missions; expansion plans of, 57, 58; Hurons and, 52–53, 57–58
Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, The, 52
Jesuits, history of, 52
Johnston, Archibald. See Warriston, Lord
John the Baptist, 483–485
Jones, Hugh, 708–709, 713
Joseph (biblical patriarch), 652
Josselyn, John, 142, 143
Journal of Madam Knight, The (Knight), 561–568
Journal of the Expedition of the Chevalier de La Vérendrye and One of His Brothers to Reach the Western Sea Addressed to the Marquis de Beauharnois (Vérendrye), 82–90
Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus (Columbus), 3–10
Journal of the Late Actions of the French at Canada, A (Bayard), 216
Journey to Pennsylvania (Mittelberger), 611–618
Judeo-Christian tradition; Narragansett culture compared to, 157–158
Keith, George, 721
Key into the Language of America, A (Williams), 151–159
kidnapping, slavery and, 654
King George’s War, 424
King Philip. See Metacom
King Philip’s War, 162–169, 172–173, 175–176, 364–371, 455, 497, 502, 504; colonies united in, 252; impact, 364, 371; Mary Rowlandson’s captivity, 502–505; Narragansetts’ role in, 159, 502; Puritan perspectives, 369; Quaker perspectives, 169; religious aspects, 168; Roger Williams’s role in, 159
Kino, Eusebio Francisco, 92
Knight, Sarah Kemble, 561–568
Lallemont, Hierosme (Jesuit missionary), 52, 53
land acquisition; intermarriage and, 577; means of, 578
land ownership; royal interference in, 311
Laud, William (archbishop of Canterbury), 198
law; civil, 544; divine, 542; natural, 544; protection through, 280–281
Lawson, John, 354–362
legendary Indian cities, 18–20
Lenapes; Pennsylvania settlement and, 208
Letter Concerning Toleration, A (Locke), 262
“Letter from Governor Bull to the Royal Council Regarding the Stono Rebellion, October 1739” (William Bull), 680–687
Letters on Plantation Life (Lucas), 591–599
Leverett, Thomas, 475
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 89
Lewis, Mercy, 514
Locke, John, 256–263, 543
Loughrig, Eneas, 665
Louisiana (New France), 62–63
Lucas, Eliza, 591–599
Magnalia Christi Americana (Mather), 315–323
Mahicans; relocation of, 77
majority rule; consensus vs., 230
Mandans, 89
manifest destiny, 463
Manteo, 37
Ma-re Mount settlement, 193, 198
Martin, Christopher, 126
Maryland; legal documents, 659; slave laws of, 664
Mason, John, 393–394, 398–401
Massachusetts; military attacks on Block Island Indians, 399; military attacks on Pequots, 399
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 458, 479; early history of, 305, 315, 467, 519; founding of, 275, 466, 476; political disputes in, 321–322; relations with England, 162–163, 166–167; relations with French, 252; slave population in, 649, 652
Massachusetts Bay Company; complaints against, 192
Massachusetts Body of Liberties (Ward), 274–283
Massachusetts General Court, 483; establishment of, 275; guidance for, 282
Massasoit, 137, 455
Mather, Cotton, 272, 307, 311, 315–316, 379, 519–520, 523–526
Mather, Increase, 312, 379
May Day, 198
Mayflower Compact, 126–128, 295; early secular government, 137
Mayflower, 132, 447; journey, details of, 136
Mayhew, Jonathan, 555
Memoir on the French Colonies in North America, The (Galissonière), 424–430
Merchant Adventurers of London, 447; economic expectations of, 453
Merrie Mount. See Ma-re Mount settlement
Metacom, 162, 166, 173, 364, 369–371, 502, 505. See also King Philip’s War
Methodism, 703
Middle Passage; conditions of, 666
millennialism, 322–323
missionary work; competition, 577; cross-cultural exchange in, 59; material aid through, 58; physical challenges of, 53, 57, 78; settlement impeding, 79
Mississippi River; French exploration of, 67
Missouri River; American Indians, 68; French exploration of, 67
Mittelberger, Gottlieb, 611–618
mob violence, threat of, 310
Mohicans. See Mahicans
Moravian Brethren; history of, 71–72; missions, 76–79; neutrality of, 76–77
Morton, Thomas, 192–199
Mount Wollaston. See Ma-re Mount settlement
Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Winslow and Bradford), 131–139
mutual defense, 251
Narragansetts, 502, 503; neutral view of Europeans, 157; rivalries of, 245; sense of religious inferiority, 157
Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, The (Rowlandson), 497–505
Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, A (Smith), 670–678
“Negro Christianized, The” (Mather), 519–526
New Amsterdam; Iroquois trade with, 59
New England; American Indian inhabitants of, 196; English colonization of, 350; founding of, 578; Promised Land comparison, 320–323
New English Canaan (Morton), 192–199
New France, 82
New Haven; social practices in, 567
New Netherland, 41–49; conflict with Connecticut, 252
New Spain, 17–18
New Voyage to Carolina, A (John Lawson), 354–362
New York; diplomacy with Iroquois, 59
Nicholson, Francis, 588
Niña, 9
Nipmucs, 502
“noble savage” stereotype, 577
non liquet cases, 282
North Carolina; European settlement of, 354–362; natural history of, 354
North Carolina Biennial Act, 432
North Carolina General Assembly, 432
Of Plymouth Plantation (Bradford), 120–128
“Of the Fresh Hope of Progress” (Pierre-Joseph-Marie Chaumonot), 57
Oglethorpe, James Edward, 384–385, 388–390
“On Iroquois Wars” (Lallemont), 58
oral history; American Indian tradition of, 58
Otermín, Antonio de, 182–183
Padouca/Padocca tribe, 68
Parris, Samuel, 508
pass system; rationale for, 714
Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 202–204
Pennsylvania; compared to other colonies, 389; diversity among settlers, 207, 601; early governance of, 330–332; European immigrants, 611–617; German influence in, 209; government, 285–293; growth of, 207, 601; religious tolerance in, 77, 207, 601, 620
Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, 325–333
Pennsylvania Frame of Government. See Frame of Government of Pennsylvania (Penn)
Pennsylvania Provincial Council, 332
Penn, William, 285–286, 325–326, 488–489, 492–495
Pequots, 393; conflicts with Europeans, 245
Pequot War of 1637, 245–246, 250, 393–394, 398–401; Mystic massacre, 393
persecution, religious, 131, 626
Peru, Viceroyalty of, 18
Philip (sachem). See Metacom
Phips, William, 515, 516
Pietism, 203
Pilgrim Code of Law (Plymouth Colony), 295–303
Pilgrims, 120–128, 295; conflict with Ma-re Mount settlers, 198–199; Merchant Adventurers contract with, 452; Pokanoket Indians and, 137–139; Saints and Strangers, 132, 136–137, 452
Pinckney, Eliza Lucas. See Lucas, Eliza
Pinta, 9
Plymouth Colony, 120, 295–303; founding of, 121, 320, 448, 452; religious versus economic goals for, 451, 453
Plymouth Plantation, 447
Pocahontas, 115, 351
Pokanoket Indians; Pilgrims and, 139
politics; secular approach to, 607
politics and public policy; public participation in, 280
Popé (Pueblo leader), 182
“Positive Information from America, Concerning the Country of Pennsylvania by a German who has Migrated Thither, 1684” (Pastorius), 202–210
power, abuse of; citizens’ duty regarding, 587
Powhatan (chief). See Wahunsonacock
Powhatan confederation, 114–115
predestination, 462
Presbyterian alliance, 379
Present State of Virginia: Slave Code of South Carolina, May 1740, The (Jones), 708–715
primitive vs. civilized society, 27, 116
Proctor, Elizabeth, 509, 514, 516
Proctor, John, 508–509, 514
Promised Land image, 196, 199, 463
Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania (Franklin), 601–609
Protestant Reformation; consequences of, 494
Protestants; preachers, 542
Pueblo Indians, 182–189
Pufendorf, Samuel von, 378
Puritan church; colonial government, role in, 265; relationship to Massachusetts Bay government, 281–283
Puritanism, 703; beliefs of, 523; English, 447, 479–480; Massachusetts, 166–169, 369, 483–486; persecution of, 447; slavery and, 655
Puritan leadership; Salem witch trials and, 516–517, 520
Puritan missions; Narragansetts and, 158
Puritans, 295; Congregationalist vs. Presbyterian, 374; heresy and, 476; Holland and, 447; Massachusetts, 466, 476; mockery of, 197, 198, 454, 578; oath-swearing and, 311; persecution of, 274–275; political exclusivity of, 252; political influence of, 250; predestination and, 473, 474; providential views of, 315, 350; religious settlement of, 447; women and, 473–476, 497
Putnam, Ann, Jr., 515–517
Quakerism; Anglican reaction to, 625, 626, 627; conversion to, 620–627; early feminism and, 627; gender egalitarianism and, 621, 627
Quakers, 286; autobiographies and, 620, 627; Pennsylvania, 285, 331; persecution of, 620, 624, 626; relations with American Indians, 208; swearing oaths and, 493
quarantine; implementation of, 666
Quinnapin, 502
Quivira, 19
race; divisions between, 644–645; slavery codified by, 642–643
race relations; fluidity of, 566
Raleigh, Walter, 31
Randolph, Edward, 162–163
rational thought, 380
rebellion; capital punishment for, 281
Récollet missions, 57
redemptioners, 611
religion; competing Christian missions, 577; governmental enforcement of, 240–241; higher education and, 606; inspiration for settlement, 210; John Smith’s description of Powhatan practices, 116
religious freedom, 543; government protection of, 331; immigration and, 206, 209; John Locke’s view of, 262; Roger Williams’s legacy of, 159
religious persecution. See persecution, religious
religious revival. See also Great Awakening
Religious Society of Friends. See Quakers
religious tolerance; William Penn’s arguments for, 492–494
religious writing; autobiographical, characteristics of, 620, 625, 626
Report and Relation of the New Conversions (Kino), 92
“Report of King Philip’s War in New England” (Randolph), 162–169
Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Otermín’s Attempted Reconquest (Otermín), 182–189
Rhode Island; founding of, 151
Roanoke Colony, 31, 38, 239
Roanoke Indians, 36
Roanoke Island, 31, 36
Route to be Followed for Ascending the Missouri River (Bourgmont), 62
Rowlandson, Mary, 497–498, 502–505
royal governors; Boston revolt against, 315
rule of law; American colonial officials and, 585
rum; American Indians and, 87, 360
Saffin, John, 648
Salem witch hysteria; theories about, 514–515
Salem witch trials, 316, 508–517
San Salvador, 8
Santa María de la Concepción, 8
Santa María, 9
Sassamon, James, 167
science; role in education, 607
Sea Venture (ship), 240
Selling of Joseph, The (Sewell), 648–655
Separatists, 131, 295, 447
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 26
“Sermon Preached at Plimmoth, in New-England, A” (Cushman).
settlement, difficulties of, 208
Seven Bishops case, 587
Seven Cities of Cibola, 13, 19. See also legendary Indian cities
Sewell, Samuel, 648–649
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, First Earl of, 257, 260
Shamokin, Pennsylvania; Moravian Brethren settlement at, 78
Sin and Danger of Self-Love, The (Cushman).
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (Jonathan Edwards), 528–536
slave codes; South Carolina, 686, 689–697; Virginia, 637–645
slave narrative; Venture Smith, 671–678
slavery; American Indians and whites, 361; American Indian tradition of, 58; Barbary tradition of, 654; Christianity’s changing views on, 655, 664–665; conditions of, 712–713; early fugitive slave laws, 251; economics of, 642–644, 666–667; establishment in New World, 637, 658, 670; heritability of, 642; justification of, 523, 642, 655, 713; legal recognition of, 262, 281, 525, 637, 642, 665; literary omission of, 577; origins of, 519; ownership restrictions, 643; purposes of, 519; South Carolina, 597; US Congress debate over, 677
slave trade; convict labor system and, 714; development of, 659, 664, 670; legacy of, 667–668; mid-Atlantic colonies and, 665; transatlantic, 670, 677; West African involvement in, 676
smallpox, 146, 667; effects on American Indians, 360
Smith, John, 109–110, 115, 212, 350
Smith, Venture, 670–678
Smith, William, 608
socioeconomic class, 567, 568; poor whites vs. black slaves, 713
Some Grounds of the War Against the Pequots (Mason), 393–401
South Carolina, 686; demographics of, 591, 596, 666; government documents, 256, 659; indigo and, 592; planters, 591, 596–599; population of, 680; slavery in, 597, 666–667
South Carolina General Assembly, 689–690
southwest; religious importance of, 158
Spain; conquest and colonization of America, 17–21; colonists and indigenous peoples, 18–20; voyage of discovery, 3–10
Spanish Florida, 695
Spanish settlement; English view of, 577; justifications for, 26–27; rivalry with French, 88
spectral evidence, 514, 516
speech, restriction of, 241
Speedwell, 448
Squanto, 137
Star Chamber, 586
Stone, John, 398
Stono Rebellion, 597, 680–687, 689–690
Stranger in a Strange Land: Some Account of the Fore Part of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge, A (Ashbridge), 620–627
Stuyvesant, Peter, 41, 43, 49
suicide; decriminalization of, 332
taxation; Pennsylvania, 292; Stamp Act, 415
technology; colonization and, 116
Tejo, 18
Tenochtitlan, 17, 18
theocracy, 266, 268–271
Thoreau, Henry David, 147
Tisquantum. See Squanto
Tituba, 508, 514
tobacco; Virginia Colony and, 352, 576
“To His Loving Friends, the Adventurers for New England” (Cushman), 447, 455
trade; culture loss through, 59; intertribal conflict caused by, 60; New Haven customs of, 567–568; opportunities for, 197; restriction of, 644
trade relations; French–Indian, 68
Transcript of the trial of Anne Hutchinson (1637), 466, 476
transit, colonial, 251
“Treaty of Peace between the French, Iroquois, and Other Nations” (Barthélemy Vimont), 59
Treaty of Trois-Rivières, 59
Treaty of Utrecht, North American colonies and, 83
Trenchard, John, 437
trial by jury; guarantees of, 332
Trowbridge, Thomas, 340–342
Tuscarora War, effects of, 232
United Colonies of New England, 245–253
University of Pennsylvania, 609
Valladolid, Spain, debate, 23, 26
Valley of Mexico, 17
van der Donck, Adriaen, 41–43, 49
Vérendrye, Louis-Joseph Gaultier de la, 82–83, 87–89
Vérendrye, Pierre de la, 83
Villasur, Pedro de, 88
Vimont, Bartélemy (Jesuit missionary), 52, 53
“Vindication of the Government of New-England Churches” (Wise), 374–382
Virginia; charter of, 36; compared to other colonies, 389; early challenges in, 109, 349, 350; governance of, 349; historiography of, 352; Jamestown governing council, 115; planter society in, 345, 571, 708
Virginia Company, 239–240, 242
Virginia General Assembly, 637–638
voting rights; Pennsylvania, 291
Wahunsonacock, 114, 115
Wampanoags, 162, 502; Pilgrims and, 137–139, 454
wampum; uses of, 77
Wamsutta, 502
Wanchese, 37
war; American Indians as allies, 361; British vs. American Indians, 361; Iroquois requirements for, 231; public interest requirement, 252, 280
Ward, Nathaniel, 274–275, 282
warfare; Powhatan means of, 115
War of the Austrian Succession, 424
Warren, Mary, 509
Warriston, Lord (Archibald Johnston), 379
Watteville, Johannes de, 79
wealth; religious significance, 462
Weetamoo, 502
Wesley, John, 703
West Africa, 675
West Coast, settlement of, 88
West, Thomas (Lord de la Warr), 240, 242
Wethersfield, Connecticut; Pequot attack on, 398
Wheelwright, John, 466, 474
Whitefield, George, 551, 699–706
White, John, 31, 37
White Mountains (New Hampshire), 142
white supremacy, concept of, 654
Williams, Elisha, 538–545
Williams, Roger, 151–152, 466
Winchester, John, 340–342
Winslow, Edward, 131–132
Winthrop, John, 245, 246, 252, 321–322, 457, 466, 467, 474
Wiroans, 106
Wise, John, 374–375
women; Iroquois, power of, 230; nontraditional roles and, 596, 598
wood, importance of, 36
writs of intrusion, 311
Wyllys, George, 245, 246
Zenger, John Peter, 581–582
Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von, 76