abolitionism; beginnings of, 663, 673; literature and, 514, 619, 668, 670; New York, 545; nonviolence in, 617
absolute monarchy; Christianity vs., 560
“Account of Shays’s Rebellion” (Benjamin Lincoln), 318
“Account of the Supremest Court of Judicature in Pennsylvania, An” (Franklin), 583–590
Adams, Abigail, 275, 299–305; letters to John Adams, 299–305
Adam, Samuel, 3–6, 20–28, 99–100, 187, 192, 212, 284
Adams, John, 12, 99–100, 110–111 255, 259–260, 300, 382–383, 387–390
“Address to the People of England, Scotland, and Ireland, An” (Macaulay), 197–205
Advertiser, The (S. Adams), 21
African Lodge, 616
Africans and African Americans, education and, 561
Alien and Sedition Acts, 147, 255, 260
American colonies; antitaxation efforts of, 99–100; profitability of, 166; social conditions, 378; Stamp Act, rejection of, 159–165
American colonists; characteristics of, 228–230; rights of, 16–18; role as British subjects, 17, 359; taxation, attitudes toward, 175
American government; constitutional powers of, 126, 128; size of, 398
American identity, formation of, 193
American Indians; alliance with Great Britain, 642; British allying with, 75; cultural conflicts with United States, 647; diplomatic relations with United States, 646; education and, 561; effect of American Revolution on, 646; gender inequality, 540; land disputes and, 638; land disputes with United States, 643, 647, 648; relations with colonists, 642; resistance to assimilation, 631
American republic; formation of, 271
American Revenue Act (1764), 89, 90, 303, 403
American Revolution, 382; American diplomacy and, 382–383, 388–390; causes and effects of, 197, 274, 279, 627; influence on women’s rights, 538; Spain and, 388; women’s role in, 275, 282, 340–343
Ames, Fisher, 264–271
Anti-Federalism, 135, 136
Anti-Federalist Papers, 392
Anti-Federalists, 139, 144, 275. See also Federalists
antigovernment movements, financial aspects, 322
aristocracy; government and, 115, 116, 368, 398
Articles of Confederation, 79 ,86, 119–120, 244, 574
assimilation; American Indians and, 631; Christian conversion and, 630
Attucks, Crispus, 183, 184
bail, 144
Banneker, Benjamin, 601–608
Battle of Brooklyn, 403
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 648
Battle of Golden Hill, 403, 526
Battle of Long Island, 369, 370
Battles of Lexington and Concord, 211
Beecher, Catherine, 581
“Beloved Brethren” (Occom), 627–631
benevolent associations, freedmen and, 619
biblical allusions, 465, 549 617–618
bicameral legislature, rationale for, 116
Bill of Rights, 126, 139–145, 153; importance of, 251
Bliss, Jonathan, 332–333
“Boisterous Sea of Liberty, The” (Jefferson), 427–428
Boston Massacre, 68, 99, 179–180, 187, 194, 224, 403; causes of, 181–183, 193; commemoration of, 192
Boston Massacre oration (Hancock), 187–195
Boston Tea Party, 99, 187, 192, 346, 517
Bowdoin, James, 99, 100
Brant, Joseph, 634–639, 643; address to Lord George Germain, 634–639
Brant, Molly, 635
Brant’s Volunteers, 638
Britain; American Indian alliances, 634, 637–638; constitutional monarchy of, 202; Crown vs. Parliament, 197; tax policies, 6, 181–182
British-American tensions, 11, 43–44, 169–177, 517; Edmund Burke’s proposals and, 232; escalation in, 17, 39–45, 68, 74–76, 182–184, 193, 346–347, 442, 452
British government; anti-independence tactics of, 17; basis for American government, 120; geographic difficulties, 230–231; grievances against, 34–37, 73–77, 359; moderate versus radical views of, 192, 194; tax policies, 20
British military; advantages of, 350; presence in America, 43, 74, 192
Brown, Peter, 413; letter to his mother, 413
“Brutus No. 1”, 288
Burke, Edmund, 224–225
cannibalism, enslaved Africans’ fear of, 668–669
cash crops, slavery and, 667
Catlin, Seth, 331–332
Cato’s Letter and Petition to the Pennsylvania Assembly, 622–623
“Charge Delivered to the Brethren of the African Lodge, A” (Hall), 611–619
checks and balances, 125
Cherokees, 643
Chippewas, 643
Chisholm v. State of Georgia, 598
Christian Indians; American Revolution and, 629–630
Christianity; American Indian influence on, 630; assimilation and, 630; civil obedience and, 457; education and, 560–561; Masonic beliefs and, 617; natural law and, 458; racial divisions in, 618
church and state, 26
citizenship, 26, 597–598
Civil War Amendments, 127
Clarke, Joseph, 328–329
classical allusions, 303–304
Committee of Five, 73
Common Sense (Paine), 58–66, 69
Commonwealth of Massachusetts on the Sedition Act (Legislature of Massachusetts), 254–261
Congress; merits of, 399; powers of, 126
Connecticut, abolition of slavery in, 674
Connecticut Compromise, 392–393
Connecticut General Assembly, 398
Conoys, 643
Constitutional Convention, 120, 139–140, 264, 269, 352
constitution, British, 358
Constitution of Massachusetts, 99, 100
Constitution of New York, 88–97
Constitution of the United States, 119–128, 139, 259, 264, 269–270; amendments, 126–127, 142–145; Article V, 136; inspiration for, 107; opposition to, 248–251, 275; ratification of, 140, 244, 251, 396
Continental Army; challenges of, 350, 369; defeats, 408; George Washington’s command of, 352–369; recruitment for, 408
Cooper, Samuel, 499
court proceedings, individual’s rights in, 143–144
Creeks, 643
de Crèvecœur, J. Hector St. John, 372–373
criminal justice; Thomas Jefferson’s views on, 368
cronyism, 115
cruel and unusual punishment, 144
“Curse of Cowardice, The” (Davies), 433–439
“Dangers of American Liberty, The” (Ames), 264–272
Davies, Samuel, 433–439
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, 649
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, The, 11–18
Declaration of Independence, 68–77; influence of, 520; signing of, 188
“Declaration of Rights and Grievances”, 159
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (Jefferson, Dickinson), 48–56
declarations of independence, 528; New York mechanics, 525–530
Declaratory Act of 1766, 193
de Crèvecœur, J. Hector St. John. See de Crevecoeur, J. Hector St. John
Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, A (J. Adams), 110–117
Delawares, 643
democracy; Constitution and, 125; definition of, 269; Greek origins of, 281; taxation in, 165
Democratic-Republican Party, 147, 152, 254, 268
Dickinson, John, 48–49, 53, 79, 308–309, 315
Discourse on the Love of Our Country, A (Williams), 461–468
dissolution of legislative bodies, 34–35
divine law, 458–459
divine providence, 279; government and, 104
Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men, The (Witherspoon), 471–478
double jeopardy, 143
Duane, James, 647
Duer, William, 402, 404, 408–410
Dutch West India Company, 544
Duties in American Colonies Act. See Stamp Act of 1765
economy; education and, 561; government’s role in, 128
education; American Revolution and, 558; gender inequality,570–571; importance for women, 538, 540, 541; legal studies, 230; reform, 570–571, 574, 579–581; role in self-government, 153; women and, 540, 559, 561
election of 1800, 127, 147, 151, 154
electoral process; constitutional amendment to, 127; importance of, 153; socioeconomic class and, 368
Ellicott, Andrew, 602
Emerson, William, 503
Émile (Rousseau), 565
Enlightenment, 466, 578; education and, 559; influence of, 20, 68, 73, 76, 120, 249, 372, 457, 533, 538, 564, 611; women and, 565
equality; definitions of, 596; law and, 104, 107; right of, 25, 521, 522, 523; women and, 539, 540, 541
Equiano, Olaudah, 663–671
“Essex Result” (Parsons), 105
ethnographic writing, African life versus Western society, 667–668
Evacuation Day; fallout from, 304; immediate reaction to, 304
executive branch, 116, 125
family; children and masculinity, 350; slavery’s effects on, 667, 678
Farmer, A. W. See Seabury, Samuel
Farmer Refuted, The (Hamilton), 215–221
farmers, early American, 322
Farmer’s Letters. See Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies (Dickinson)
federal government; role of, 252; states’ share in, 398
Federalism, 135–136; fear of, 125, 145, 397; state government vs., 153
“Federalist No. 10” (Madison), 234–241
Federalist Papers, 235, 392
Federalist Party, 144, 147, 152, 255, 268, 269
feminism, written promotion of, 538, 541
First Amendment, 142–143
First Continental Congress, 11–18, 30–37, 42, 73, 303, 347, 452, 517
fiscal policy; agriculture vs. industrialism, 153; responsibility in, 398, 399
Fort St. Jean skirmish, 634
Franklin, Benjamin, 79–80, 169–177, 382–390, 583–584
freedmen; experience in North, 611; socioeconomic challenges of, 619
freedom, colonial attitudes toward, 229, 521
freedom of religion, 142
freedom of the press, 260, 587–590
Freemasonry, 612
French and Indian War, 354, 433; American Indians, effects on, 638; financing of, 164, 165, 224, 303, 346, 403, 442; territory changes from, 203
French Revolution, 255, 259; American opinions of, 270; Christianity and, 560
“From the Commissioners for Negotiating a Peace with Great Britain” (Adams, Franklin, Jay), 382–390
Gage, Thomas, 54, 207–213
gender and culture, 568, 571–571
George III of Great Britain, 8, 48, 211, 528
“Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death” (Henry), 39–45
Gleaner, The (Murray), 533, 534, 538, 541
Glorious Revolution of 1688, 197
government; natural law and, 596–597; promotion of religion, 106, 108
“Great Experiment”; United States as, 280–281;
Hall, Prince, 611–612
Hamilton, Alexander, 215, 292
Hammon, Jupiter, 544–552
Hancock, John, 187–195, 419–422
Haynes, Lemuel, 517–523
Henry, Patrick, 39-45, 244–245, 248; Virginia ratification convention speech, 244–252
Hessian mercenaries, 75
History of England from the Accession of James I. to That of the Brunswick Line, The (Macaulay), 202
History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution (Warren), 274–282, 336
Hobbes, Thomas, 578
Holcombe, Henry, 490–491, 494–497
honor, importance of, 350
House of Hancock, 188, 193
House of Representatives, 125
Howard, Simeon, 442–443
human rights; conception of, 105, 107; government protection of, 73
Hume, David, 202
Immigration, effect on American identity, 378–379
implied powers, 251
Inaugural Address (Washington), 130–137
independence; colonial attitudes toward, 229–230; political results of, 76; rationale for, 76, 459
insurrections, armed, 318
Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, The (Equiano), 663–670
interstate relations, 126
Intolerable Acts, 99, 142, 188, 192, 195, 202, 328, 346, 517
Iroquois Confederation, 637; American Revolution and, 639
Israelites, 465
Jay, John, 88–90, 250, 382–390
Jay, Peter, 89
Jay’s Treaty (1794), 648
Jefferson, Thomas, 30–31, 48–49, 53, 68–69, 147–148, 151–154, 363–364, 427–428, 601; correspondence with Banneker, 601–608; letter on the Virginia Constitution, 363–370
Johnson, Guy, 634, 639
Johnson, William, 635–638
Journal of the Life, Gospel Labours, and Christian Experience of that Faithful Minister of Jesus Christ, John Woolman, A (Woolman), 509–514
judicial branch, 125–126
Klock, George, 638
land ownership; disputes over, 638–639; electoral process and, 368
law; civil, 457; divine, 456, 520; natural, 457–459, 521; protection through, 107–108
legislative bodies, suspension of, 75
legislative branch, 125
Letter on the Rebellion in Springfield (Clarke), 328–334
Letters Concerning the Revolution (Hancock), 419–422
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies (Dickinson), 308–315
Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecœur), 219, 372–380
Letters of a Countryman (Sherman), 392–400
Letters on Education with Observations on Religious and Metaphysical Subjects (Macaulay), 564–565, 571
Letter to President Washington, 1790 (Seneca Chiefs Big Tree, Cornplanter, Half-Town), 659
Letter to the Committee of Merchants in London, 354–361
Letter to Thomas Jefferson (Banneker), 601–608
liberty; as natural right, 520; right of, 520, 521
“Liberty Further Extended” (Haynes), 517–523
liberty poles, 332
Lincoln, Benjamin, 318–326
Lincoln, Hannah Quincy, 341
Literacy, religious aspects, 550
Livingston, Robert, 387
Locke, John, 73, 249, 457, 466
Louis XIV of France, 578
loyalists, 388
Macaulay, Catharine, 197–198, 202, 205, 342–343, 561–565, 571
Madison, James, 139–140, 234–235
majority rule, arguments for, 597
Mann, Horace, 580
masculinity, 350, 377
Mason, George, 354–355, 361
Massachusetts; religious diversity in, 106; religious tolerance in, 105
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 208
Massachusetts bill of rights, 105
Massachusetts Disqualification Act, 325
Massachusetts General Court, 255, 260
Massachusetts Magazine, 533, 541
Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 188
Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley (Odell and Wheatley), 683
Miamis, 643
Middle Passage; conditions of, 663; slave ships used in, 668
militias, 84, 153
ministers, colonial African American, 518
minutemen, African American members of, 518
missionary work, cross-cultural exchange in, 630
Missisaugas, 643
modernity, 378
Mohawks, Britain and, 637
Mohicans, 643
monarchy, arguments against, 63
Montesquieu, 578
Morris, Robert, 84
Munsees, 643
Murray, Judith Sargent, 533–541
Nanticokes, 643
Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, A (V. Smith), 673–681
nation building; education for, 559–560; exclusion from, 554; press’s role in, 554; women’s role in, 538, 539, 541
natural rights, 25–28, 221, 249
New France, 203
New York City, 403, 525
New York colony, 88–89, 403–404, 525
“New York Legislature Committee of Correspondence to George Washington” (Duer), 402–410
New York Mechanics Declaration of Independence, 525–530
New York Provincial Congress, 528
New York state, 88–89, 94–97
Northwest Ordinance, 85
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 605
“nursing father” doctrine, 106
“Observations on Female Abilities” (Murray), 533–541
Observations on the New Constitution (Warren), 276
Occom, Samson, 627–628
Odell, Margaretta Matilda, 683
Of Man, as a Member of Society, Lectures on Law (Wilson), 592–599
“Of the Mode of Education Proper in a Republic” (Rush), 554–561
Ogden (slave ship), 668
Ohio River boundary dispute, 643
oligarchy, fear of, 115, 116, 398
Olive Branch Petition, 48, 58
“On American Independence” (S. Adams), 284
“On the Education of Youth in America” (Webster), 574–581
“On the Equality of the Sexes” (Murray), 533
“On the Right to Rebel against Governors” (West), 452–459
“On the Right to Tax America” (Pitt), 163–165
oppression; cause for revolution, 73; Christian duty to fight, 631
“Oration in Commemoration of the Anniversary of American Independence, An” (W. Emerson), 503
Otis, James, 3
Ottawas, 643
pacificism, 631
Paine, Thomas, 58–59
Parliament; calls for reform, 204, 205; colonial grievances against, 48, 53–54; colonial trade regulation, 313–314; external opposition to, 166
Parsons, Theophilus, 105
patriotism, domestic duties as, 305
Paul Revere’s Engraving of the Boston Massacre, 179–184
Pelham, Henry, 183
Pennsylvania; diversity among settlers, 559
Pinckney, Charles, 139
Pitt, William, the Elder, 8, 159–166
political factions, rise of, 271
political majority; importance of, 153; responsibility of, 151
political minority; protection of, 151; role of, 153
Potawatomis, 643
power, abuse of; citizens’ duty regarding, 116, 117
power, white male, 304
predestination, 280
Presbyterians, 438
president; constitutional powers of, 126; need for, 116; term limits, 127
press; nation building and, 554
Preston, Thomas, 183, 184
Proclamation on Behalf of King George III (Gage), 207–213
profanity, 549
profiteering, 409
property; allodial ownership, 35; British destruction of, 75; marriage and, 304; right of, 27
“public religion” concept, 106
publishers, 587
Puritans, religious influence of, 105
Quakers, views on slavery, 509
Quartering Act of 1774, 143
Quartering Act of 1765, 74, 403, 517, 526
Quebec Act of 1774, 75, 203
Quebec campaign, 634
Quebec colony, religion of, 16
race; definitions of, 642; divisions between, 617; interracial cooperation, 618–619
Randolph, Edmund, 249–251
religion; governmental promotion of, 106–108; role in pro-liberty movement, 229, 230
religious freedom, 25, 467; founding principle of, 105; views of government role in, 106
religious tolerance; American history of, 560; social benefits of, 152
“Report on the Subject of Manufactures” (Hamilton), 292–295
representatives; moral character of, 397; obligations, 264
republic; definition of, 269; education in, 558–561
Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, 3–9
Restraining Act of 1775, 75
retrojection, dangers of, 304
Revere, Paul, 179–180
revolutionary principles, importance of, 153
Richard II of England, 34
rights, individual vs. government, 597
“Rights of the Colonists, The” (S. Adams), 20–28
right to bear arms, 143
Roman Catholicism; British Canada, 203
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 569
“Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One” (Franklin), 169–177
Rush, Benjamin, 554–555; views on education 558–561;
salutary neglect, 6
satire, 588
schools, public, 580
Seabury, Samuel, 216
search and seizure, 143
Second Continental Congress, 48–56, 363, 452; presidency of, 188
Second Virginia Convention, 39, 42–45
Senate, 125
Seneca Chiefs (Big Tree, Cornplanter, Half-Town), 659
Senecas of the Glaize, 643
Senghnagenrat, 651
“Sermon Occasioned by the Death of Washington, A” (Holcombe), 490–497
“Sermon on the Day of the Commencement of the Constitution, A” (S. Cooper), 499
“Sermon Preached to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company in Boston, A” (Howard), 442–449
Seven Nations of Canada, 643
Shawnees, 643
Shays, Daniel, 318
Shays’s Rebellion, 250, 318
Sherman, Roger, 392–393; Letters to Connecticut citizens (1787), 400
Six Nations. See Iroquois Confederation
slave narrative; Equiano’s account as, 671; Venture Smith’s account as, 674, 677, 678, 679, 680
slave owners; attitudes of, 230
slavery; American Revolution and, 673; community building in, 670; conditions of, 674, 677; Connecticut, 674; contradiction of American Revolution, 520; criminal punishment of, 368; criticisms of, 520, 522, 551; debate over, 521, 522, 673; economics of, 677; effects on family, 674; effects on individuals, 679; emancipation from, 674, 677, 678; establishment in New World, 509; guarantees of freedom, 611; justifications of, 601; New Amsterdam vs. New York, 544–545; protests against, 514; religious aspects, 521, 549–552; US Congress debate over, 673; working conditions, comparison of, 678
slave ships; technology of, 670
slave trade; transatlantic, account of, 674, 677; transatlantic, overview of, 663, 677; US Congress’ debate over, 670
small states; concerns of, 396–397
Smith, Venture, 673–680
social contract of government; equitable laws in, 104; taxation in, 166
Society of Friends. See Quakers
Society of the Cincinnati, 319
soldiers, British; deployment, 35–36
Sons of Liberty, 7, 180, 182, 193, 525, 526
“Speech of Senghnagenrat, an Oneida Chief”, 651–653
“Speech of the United Indian Nations, at Their Confederate Council”, 655–657
“Speech on Conciliation with America” (Burke), 224–232
Springfield Rebellion (1774), 331
Stamp Act Congress, 3–4, 159
Stamp Act of 1765, 3–9, 20, 39, 90, 181, 193, 354, 359, 403, 526; colonial rejection of, 193; rationale for, 164, 224; repeal of, 160; requirements of, 159
starvation; antislavery resistance through, 669
state government; formation of, 397; loss of sovereignty, 399; power of, 120; republican form of, 126
states’ rights, 144–145, 252, 397
Stiles, Ezra, 481, 485–488
suffrage; arguments for universal male, 368; constitutional amendments, 127
Sugar Act, 6
suicide; response to slavery, 669
“Summary View of the Rights of British America, A” (Jefferson), 30–37
supplies, role of, 409–410
Supreme Court, US; jurisdiction of, 598; role of, 598;
taxation; British history of, 164–165, 193, 204; colonial merchants and, 194; colonial taxes, 308–309, 313–315; colonists’ attitudes toward, 220, 229, 359; disputes, 354; local vs. state, 399
Tea Act of 1773, 169, 194
technology; transatlantic slave trade and, 670
term limits, 367
Thayendanegea. See Brant, Joseph
Thibou, Lewis, 528
Thomas Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address (Jefferson), 147–154
Thompson, Charles, 655
three-branch system; powers among, 114; rationale for, 110, 116
tolerance, political, 151–153
Townshend Acts, 15, 182, 193–194, 346
Treason Act of 1543; 1769 revival of, 16
Treaty of Alliance (1778), 382
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 638
Treaty of Greenville, 648
Treaty of Paris, 389; American Indians and, 642
Tresilian, Robert, 34
trial; by jury, 8; guarantees of, 144; speedy and public, 143
tyranny, 467
unicameral legislature, limitations of, 115
United Indian Nations, 655
United States Congress; establishment of, 125–126
United States Constitution. See Constitution of the United States
“United States Elevated to Glory and Honor, The” (Ezra Stiles), 480–488
universal brotherhood, appeal for, 618
Universalism, 534
vice president; role of, 127; selection of, 127
Vindication on the Rights of Women, A (Wollstonecraft), 538–539
Virginia; borders of, 368; electoral process in, 367–368; First Continental Congress delegation, 30
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 260
Virginia colony; Loyalists in, 42; Protestantism in, 438
Virginia Constitution, 363, 370
Virginia Constitutional Convention, 363–367
virtual representation; British opposition to, 204; colonial objections to, 346; William Pitt’s arguments against, 165
virtue, 467
voting; constitutional amendments, 127; proxy, 367
voting rights, 579
war; women’s role in, 351, 540
Warren, James, 275
Warren, Mercy Otis, 274, 275–276, 279–282, 336–337, 344; Anti-Federalism of, 279, 281; letters of, 336–344
Washington, George, 130–137, 346, 352, 402–403, 408–410, 424, 494–497; belief in public education, 496; death of, 490; Letter to Bushrod Washington (Nov. 1787), 424–425; letter to Martha Washington (June 18, 1775), 346–351; religion, 134; religious beliefs, 496
Washington, Martha, 347, 351
Webster, Noah, 574–581
We Can Retreat No Farther (Indian representatives), 649
Western Indian Confederacy, 642–643, 649
West, Samuel, 452–453, 459
Wheatley, Phillis, 683
Williams, Israel, 333
Williams, Samuel, 461–462
Wilson, James, 592–593, 597, 598
Witherspoon, John, 472–478
Wolcott, Oliver, 416; Letter to Roger Newberry, 416
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 538, 571
women, education of, 539, 559, 561
women’s rights, 304–305
Woolman, John, 509–514
Wooster, David, 408–410
Worthington, John, 332
writs of assistance, 99
Wyandottes, 643
XYZ Affair, 260