Time Line of Events Covered in

A time line of important events from the nineteenth century.

The time line below includes the events and developments covered in the essays in this publication (appearing in small capital letters), which are covered in depth in this chronologically arranged publication under the dates shown. More than 750 other important events and developments, are also included here. Each event is tagged by a general region or regions; by this means, the time line can be used to consider general trends in the same region over time. However, because many events, although occurring in one or two regions nevertheless had a global or cross-regional impact, they have been left in chronological order to facilitate a better understanding of simultaneous events and their occasional interaction. The abbreviation “c.” is used below to stand for “circa.”









Date
Region
Event




Oct. 25, 1760-Jan. 29, 1820
Europe
Reign of King George III of Great Britain


Feb. 9, 1796-Sept. 2, 1820
East Asia
Reign of the Jiaqing Emperor of China


1799-1804
South America
Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland Explore South America, Mexico, and Cuba


1800
Europe
Madame de Staël Publishes De la littérature considérée dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales (A Treatise on Ancient and Modern Literature, 1803; also known as The Influence of Literature upon Society, 1813)


1800-1864
North America
Inuit Settlers Emigrate from Canada to Northern Greenland


Mar. 14, 1800-Aug. 20, 1823
Europe
Pontificate of Pius VII


19th cent.
Europe

Development of Working-Class Libraries



19th cent.
Europe

Spread of the Waltz



19th cent.
Middle East

Arabic Literary Renaissance



1801
Europe

Emergence of the Primitives



1801
Europe
Franz K. Achard Builds the First Sugar-Beet Factory


c. 1801-1810
Europe

Davy Develops the Arc Lamp



c. 1801-1850
North America

Professional Theaters Spread Throughout America



Jan. 1, 1801
Europe

First Asteroid Is Discovered



Jan. 20, 1801
North America
John Marshall Is Appointed Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court


Feb. 17, 1801
North America

House of Representatives Elects Jefferson President



Mar. 3, 1801
North America
U.S. President John Adams Leaves Office


Mar. 4, 1801-Mar. 3, 1809
North America
U.S. Presidency of Thomas Jefferson


Mar. 21, 1801
Africa
Britain Defeats France at the Second Battle of Aboukir (Wars of Napoleon)


Mar. 23, 1801-Dec. 1, 1825
Europe
Reign of Czar Alexander I of Russia


June 19, 1801-July, 1803
Australia
Thomas-Nicholas Baudin Explores the East, South, and West Coasts of Australia


Summer, 1801-Summer, 1805
Africa

Tripolitan War



June 27, 1801
Africa
Cairo Falls to British Troops (Wars of Napoleon)


July 18, 1801
Europe
Napoleon Signs a Concordat with the Pope


Nov. 16, 1801
North America
First Edition of the New York Evening Post



Dec. 6, 1801-Aug., 1803
Australia

Flinders Explores Australia



1802
Europe

Britain Adopts Gas Lighting



1802
Europe
William Paley Publishes Natural Theology: Or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity



Jan., 1802
Europe

Cobbett Founds the Political Register




Mar. 16, 1802
North America

U.S. Military Academy Is Established



Mar. 24, 1802
Europe

Trevithick Patents the High-Pressure Steam Engine



Mar. 27, 1802
Europe
Treaty of Amiens Between Britain and France


Apr. 10, 1802
South Asia

Lambton Begins Trigonometrical Survey of India



May 19, 1802
Europe
French Legion of Honor Is Established


June, 1802-1820
Southeast Asia
Emperor Gia Long Unites Vietnam


1803-1805
South Asia
Britain Defeats Maratha Confederacy in Second Maratha War


1803-1808
Europe

Dalton Formulates the Atomic Theory of Matter



1803-1812
Europe

Elgin Ships Parthenon Marbles to England



Feb. 24, 1803
North America


Marbury v. Madison




May 9, 1803
North America

Louisiana Purchase



Sept. 7, 1803
Australia

Great Britain Begins Colonizing Tasmania



Sept. 20, 1803
Europe
Irish Rebel Robert Emmett Is Executed


Sept. 23, 1803
South Asia
Britain Defeats the Maratha Confederacy at the Battle of Assaye (Second Maratha War)


1804
Europe

British and Foreign Bible Society Is Founded



1804
Europe
George Cayley Builds and Flies the First Fixed-Wing Glider


1804
Europe

Saussure Publishes His Research on Plant Metabolism



1804
Africa
Onset of the Fulani Jihad in Northern Nigeria


1804
East Asia
Russian Envoy Unsuccessfully Attempts to Negotiate a Commercial Treaty with Japan


Jan., 1804
North America

Ohio Enacts the First Black Codes



Feb. 14, 1804-1816
Europe
Serbian Uprisings Against the Ottoman Empire


Mar. 21, 1804
Europe
The Napoleonic Code Becomes the Civil Law of France


May 14, 1804-Sept. 23, 1806
North America

Lewis and Clark Expedition



May 18-July 9, 1804
North America
Alexander von Humboldt visits the United States and President Thomas Jefferson


July 11, 1804
North America
Aaron Burr Kills Alexander Hamilton in a Duel


Aug. 11, 1804-Mar. 2, 1835
Europe
Reign of Emperor Francis I of Austria


Sept. 25, 1804
North America

Twelfth Amendment Is Ratified



Dec. 2, 1804
Europe

Bonaparte Is Crowned Napoleon I



1805
Europe
Rockets Are First Used by the British Army


1805-1806
Africa
Mungo Park Explores the Niger River


1805-1848
Africa/Middle East
Muḥammad ՙAlī Pasha Establishes Egypt’s Independence from the Ottoman Empire


Mar., 1805-Sept. 1, 1807
North America

Burr’s Conspiracy



Mar. 1, 1805
North America
Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase Is Acquitted of Impeachment Charges


Apr. 7, 1805
Europe

Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony Introduces the Romantic Age



May 4, 1805-1830
Africa

Exploration of West Africa



Oct. 21, 1805
Europe

Battle of Trafalgar



Dec. 2, 1805
Europe

Battle of Austerlitz



Dec. 26, 1805
Europe
A Truce Between Austria and France Will Lead to the Treaty of Pressburg


1806
Europe
Napoleon I Dissolves the Holy Roman Empire and Forms the Confederation of the Rhine


1806-1820
Caribbean/West Indies
Civil War in Haiti


Mar. 29, 1806
North America
Authorization of the Cumberland Road, the First U.S. Federal Highway


June 5, 1806
Europe
Napoleon Appoints Louis Bonaparte King of Holland


July 15, 1806-July 1, 1807
North America

Pike Explores the American Southwest



Oct. 12-14, 1806
Europe
French Victories in the Simultaneous Battles of Jena and Auerstadt (Napoleonic Wars)


Nov. 21, 1806
Europe
Napoleon Proclaims the Berlin Decrees, Banning Trade with Britain


1807
Africa
Ashanti Empire Invades Fante Territory in the Gold Coast


1807
Europe

Bowdler Publishes The Family Shakespeare




1807
Europe
Jacques-Louis David completes The Coronation of Napoleon



1807
Europe
First Ascot Gold Cup in Horse Racing


1807
Europe
Ottoman Sultan Selim III Is Deposed


1807
Europe
William Wordsworth Publishes “Ode: Intimations of Immortality”


1807-1834
Europe
Publication of the Multivolume Voyage aux régions équixoxiales du Nouveau Continent, Describing the Explorations of Humboldt and Bonpland


1807-1834
Europe

Moore Publishes Irish Melodies




1807-1850
North America

Rise of the Knickerbocker School



Mar. 2, 1807
North America

Congress Bans Importation of African Slaves



Mar. 25, 1807
Europe
British Slave Trade Is Ended by Parliament


Mar. 25, 1807
Europe
England’s Oystermouth Railway Becomes the World’s First Railway to Carry Passengers


Apr., 1807
Europe

Hegel Publishes The Phenomenology of Spirit




June 13-14, 1807
Europe
France Triumphs over Russia in the Battle of Friedland (Wars of Napoleon)


June 22, 1807
North America
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Leads to Public Outrage in the United States


July 7-9, 1807
Europe
France, Prussia, and Russia Conclude the Peace of Tilsit, Creating the Grand Duchy of Warsaw


Aug. 17, 1807
North America

Maiden Voyage of the Clermont




Oct. 9, 1807
Europe
Serfdom Is Abolished in Prussia


Dec. 27, 1807-Mar. 1, 1809
North America
Jefferson’s Embargo Act Cripples American Trade


1808
Europe
The Academy of Fine Arts Founded in Munich


1808
Africa
The Fulani Invade Bornu


1808
Europe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Publishes Faust, Part 1


1808-Dec. 3, 1810
South Asia
The British Siege of Mauritius Leads to Its Occupation


1808-1821
South America/Europe
Rio de Janeiro Serves as Capital of the Portuguese Empire


1808-1826
Middle East

Ottomans Suppress the Janissary Revolt



1808-1826
South America
South American Wars of Independence


Jan. 26, 1808
Australia
Rum Rebellion in New South Wales


Feb. 2, 1808
Europe
French Troops Occupy the Papal States


Feb. 21, 1808-Sept., 1809
Europe
Russo-Finnish War


Mar. 26, 1808
Europe
Charles IV of Spain Abdicates in Favor of Ferdinand VII


Apr., 1808
North America

Tenskwatawa Founds Prophetstown



Apr. 6, 1808
North America

American Fur Company Is Chartered



May 2, 1808
Europe

Dos de Mayo Insurrection in Spain



May 2, 1808-Nov., 1813
Europe

Peninsular War in Spain



June 15, 1808-Aug. 17, 1808, Dec. 20, 1808-Feb. 20, 1809 Europe
France Seizes Spanish Fortress in the Siege of Saragossa (Wars of Napoleon) July 5, 1808
South America Spain Forces Britain to Evacuate the Rio de la Plata Region in the Battle of Buenos Aries (Wars of Napoleon)


Oct. 2, 1808
Europe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Napoleon Bonaparte Meet at the Congress of Erfurt


Nov. 15, 1808-July 1, 1839
Europe
Reign of Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire


Dec. 22, 1808
Europe
Ludwig van Beethoven Conducts His Fifth and Sixth Symphonies and Piano Concerto No. 5 in Vienna


1809
Europe

Lamarck Publishes Zoological Philosophy




1809
Europe
Marie Madeline Sophie Blanchard Becomes the First Woman to Die in Flight


1809-1811
Arctic
Matvey Gedenshrom and P. Pshenitsin Map the New Siberian Islands


Jan. 16, 1809
Europe
British Gain Foothold in Spain at the Battle of Corunna (Wars of Napoleon)


Feb. 3, 1809
North America
Illinois Territory Is Created


Mar. 4, 1809-Mar. 3, 1817
North America
U.S. Presidency of James Madison


May 12, 1809
Europe
British Troops Drive the French from Oporto (Wars of Napoleon)


May 21, 1809
Europe
Dartmoor Prison Opens in England


July 5-6, 1809
Europe
French Victory in the Battle of Wagram Effectively Ends the Fifth Coalition


July 6, 1809
Europe
French Troops Arrest Pope Pius VII


July 16, 1809
South America
Pedro Domingo Murillo Leads the Revolt of Upper Peru


July 28, 1809
Europe
Tactical but Indecisive Victory for the British at the Battle of Talavera (Wars of Napoleon)


Aug. 10, 1809
South America
Ecuador Declares Independence from Spain


Aug. 11, 1809
Europe
Earthquake Sinks the Azores Village of S{atilde}o Miguel


Sept. 18, 1809
Europe
Royal Opera House Opens in London


1810
Pacific Islands
Kamehameha I Unifies the Hawaiian Islands, Becoming Hawaii’s First King


Jan. 10, 1810
Europe
Napoleon Marries Marie-Louise of Austria


Mar. 16, 1810
North America


Fletcher v. Peck




Apr. 19, 1810
South America
Spanish Governor Is Expelled from Venezuela


Apr. 27, 1810
Europe
Beethoven Composes Für Elise



May 25, 1810
South America
Spanish Viceroy Is Expelled from Buenos Aries


July 20, 1810
South America
First Representative Council in Colombia Resists Spanish Authority


Sept. 8, 1810-May, 1812
North America

Astorian Expeditions Explore the Pacific Northwest Coast



Sept. 16, 1810
North America

Hidalgo Issues El Grito de Dolores



Sept. 16, 1810-Sept. 28, 1821
North America

Mexican War of Independence



Sept. 18, 1810
South America
Chilean National Junta Forms


Oct. 27, 1810
North America
United States Annexes West Florida from Spain


1811
South America
José Gervasio Artigas Launches Uruguayan Revolt Against Spain


1811-1818
Middle East

Egypt Fights the Wahh{amacr}bīs



1811-1840
North America

Construction of the National Road



Jan. 8, 1811
North America
Charles Deslandes (or Deslonde) Leads an Unsuccessful Slave Revolt in Louisiana


Mar. 1, 1811
Africa

Muḥammad ՙAlī Has the Maml{umacr}ks Massacred



Mar. 11, 1811-1816
Europe

Luddites Destroy Industrial Machines



Mar. 25, 1811
Europe
First Sighting of the Great Comet of 1811


May 14, 1811
South America
Paraguay Overthrows Local Spanish Leaders and Declares Independence


Sept., 1811
Europe
First Rosh Hoshanna Kibbutz to the Grave of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov


Sept. 20, 1811
Europe

Krupp Works Open at Essen



Nov. 7, 1811
North America

Battle of Tippecanoe



Nov. 16, 1811
North America
New Madrid Earthquake Reverses the Course of the Mississippi River


1812
North America
A Disguised Lucy Brewer Enlists as a Marine


1812-1815
Europe

Brothers Grimm Publish Fairy Tales



Feb. 2, 1812
North America
Russia Establishes a Fur Trading Post at Fort Ross, California


Mar. 22, 1812
Africa

Burckhardt Discovers Egypt’s Abu Simbel



Mar. 26, 1812
South America
Earthquake Destroys Caracas, Venezuela


May 28, 1812
Europe
Treaty of Bucharest Grants Bessarabia to Russia


June 18, 1812-Dec. 24, 1814
North America

War of 1812



June 23-Dec. 14, 1812
Europe

Napoleon Invades Russia



July 12, 1812
North America
U.S. Invasion of Canada


July 22, 1812
Europe

Battle of Salamanca



Aug. 19, 1812
North America
USS Constitution Defeats British Frigate Guerriere off Nova Scotia


Sept. 7, 1812
Europe

Battle of Borodino



Sept. 14, 1812
Europe
Russians Burn Moscow as Napoleon Approaches the City


Oct. 19, 1812
Europe
Napoleon Begins His Retreat from Moscow


1813
North America

Founding of McGill University



1813
Europe
Founding of the London Philharmonic Society


1813
Europe
Founder of Toxicology Mathieu Orfila Publishes A General System of Toxicology: Or, A Treatise on Poisons



Mar., 1813-Dec. 9, 1824
South America

Bolívar’s Military Campaigns



May, 1813
Australia
Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson, and William Wentworth Cross the Blue Mountains of Australia


May 2, 1813
Europe
Napoleon Forces Allies to Withdraw at the Battle of Lutzen (Wars of Napoleon)


June 21, 1813
Europe
The French Are Routed and Driven Back Across the Pyrenees at the Battle of Vitoria (Wars of Napoleon)


July 12, 1813
Europe
Sectarian Riots in Belfast


July 27, 1813-Aug. 9, 1814
North America

Creek War



Aug. 26-27, 1813
Europe
A Brilliant Tactical Victory for Napoleon at the Battle of Dresden (Wars of Napoleon)


Sept. 10, 1813
North America
American Fleet Destroys an English Flotilla at the Battle of Lake Erie (War of 1812)


Oct. 5, 1813
North America

Battle of the Thames



Oct. 16-19, 1813
Europe

Battle of Leipzig



Nov. 5, 1813
Middle East
Treaty of Gulestan Ends a Russo-Persian War and Consolidates Russia’s Position in the Caucasus


1814
South America
Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo Are Transferred from Holland to Britain, Becoming British Guiana


1814
Europe

Fraunhofer Invents the Spectroscope



1814
Europe

Scott Publishes Waverley




1814-Sept. 20, 1840
South America
Personal Rule of José Gaspar Rodríguez Francia in Paraguay


1814-1879
Middle East

Exploration of Arabia



Jan. 14, 1814
Europe
Denmark Cedes Norway to Sweden in Return for Pomerania


Feb. 21, 1814
Europe
The Great Stock Exchange Hoax


Mar., 1814
Europe

Goya Paints Third of May 1808: Execution of the Citizens of Madrid




Spring, 1814-1830
North America

Communitarian Experiments at New Harmony



Mar. 27, 1814
North America
Andrew Jackson Defeats Creek and Cherokee Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (War of 1812)


Apr. 11, 1814-July 29, 1830
Europe

France’s Bourbon Dynasty Is Restored



May 2, 1814-Sept. 16, 1824
Europe
Reign of King Louis XVIII of France


Aug. 13, 1814
Africa

Britain Acquires the Cape Colony



Sept. 6-11, 1814
North America
Americans Force British to Withdraw in the Battle of Lake Champlain, or Plattsburgh (War of 1812)


Sept. 14, 1814
North America
Francis Scott Key Writes “The Star-Spangled Banner”


Sept. 15, 1814-June 11, 1815
Europe

Congress of Vienna



Dec. 15, 1814-Jan. 5, 1815
North America

Hartford Convention



1815
Southeast Asia
Britain Restores Java to the Netherlands


1815
Europe
The Netherlands Is Granted Sovereignty over Belgium and Luxembourg


1815
South Asia
Second Kandyan War Ends Sri Lankan Independence


c. 1815-1830
North America

Westward American Migration Begins



c. 1815-1848
Europe

Biedermeier Furniture Style Becomes Popular



c. 1815-1930
North America
Almost 5 Million European Immigrants Arrive in Canada


c. 1815-1930
South America
More than 6 Million European Immigrants Arrive in Argentina


c. 1815-1930
North America
More than 32 Million European Immigrants Arrive in the United States


Jan. 8, 1815
North America

Battle of New Orleans



Feb. 17, 1815
North America

Treaty of Ghent Takes Effect



Feb. 17, 1815-May 6, 1816
South America
Spanish Reconquest of New Granada


Mar. 20, 1815
Europe
Napoleon Reenters Paris After His Escape from Elba


Apr. 5, 1815
Southeast Asia

Tambora Volcano Begins Violent Eruption



June 1, 1815-Aug., 1817
North America

Red River Raids



June 8-9, 1815
Europe

Organization of the German Confederation



June 18, 1815
Europe

Battle of Waterloo



Sept. 26, 1815
Europe
Russia, Austria, and Prussia Conclude the Holy Alliance as a Defense Against European Revolution


Oct. 15, 1815
Europe
Napoleon Begins Exile on St. Helena


Nov. 20, 1815
Europe

Second Peace of Paris



Dec. 16, 1815
South America/Europe
Brazil Is Integrated into the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarve


1816
Europe

Blackwood’s Magazine Is Founded



1816
Africa
Britain Establishes Banjul as an Anti-Slaving Port in The Gambia


1816
Europe

Laënnec Invents the Stethoscope



1816-1825
Europe
Reign of Ferdinand I as King of the Two Sicilies


1816-1837
East Asia
Reign of Tsultrim Gyatso as Tenth Dalai Lama in Tibet


Feb. 20, 1816
Europe

Rossini’s The Barber of Seville Debuts



Apr., 1816
North America

Second Bank of the United States Is Chartered



Apr. 9, 1816
North America

African Methodist Episcopal Church Is Founded



May 8, 1816
North America

American Bible Society Is Founded



June 19, 1816
North America
Metis Uprising Against the North West Company Leaves Twenty-One Dead at Seven Oaks (Manitoba, Canada)


July 9, 1816
South America
Argentina Gains Independence from Spain


Dec., 1816
Europe

Rise of the Cockney School



1817
Europe

Ricardo Identifies Seven Key Economic Principles



1817
North America
Rush-Bagot Agreement Limits the Number of Battleships on the Great Lakes


c. 1817-1828
Africa

Zulu Expansion



1817-1861
Africa
Missionary Robert Moffat Explores Southern Africa as Far North as Zimbabwe


Jan. 18, 1817-July 28, 1821
South America

San Martín’s Military Campaigns



Feb. 12, 1817
South America
Chilean Victory over Spanish Royalists at the Battle of Chacabuco (Latin American Wars of Independence)


Mar. 4, 1817-Mar. 3, 1825
North America
U.S. Presidency of James Monroe


Nov. 5, 1817-June 3, 1818
South Asia

Third Maratha War



Nov. 21, 1817-Mar. 27, 1858
North America

Seminole Wars



1818
Europe/North America
The Black Ball Line of Sailing Packets Begins Regular Liverpool-New York Service


1818
Europe
The Prado Museum Is Founded in Madrid


1818
Africa
Seku Amadu Launches Jihad Against the Bambara Empire


1818-1829
Australia
Allan Cunningham Explores East Central Australia


1818-1854
Arctic

Search for the Northwest Passage



Feb. 12, 1818
South America
Chile Proclaims Its Independence of Spain


Mar. 11, 1818
Europe
Mary Shelley Publishes Frankenstein: Or, The Modern Prometheus



Apr. 5, 1818
South America
Battle of Maipo Secures Chilean Independence


Oct. 20, 1818
North America
U.S.-British Convention Establishes U.S. Boundary with Canada


Dec. 24, 1818
Europe
Franz Gruber and Joseph Mohn Compose “Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,” Which Becomes the Christmas Carol “Silent Night”


1819
Europe
John Kidd Extracts Naphthalene from Coal Tar


1819
Europe

Schopenhauer Publishes The World as Will and Idea




1819-1820
North America

Irving’s Sketch Book Transforms American Literature



1819-1820
North America
Washington Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle” Is Published


1819-1833
Europe

Babbage Designs a Mechanical Calculator



Jan. 29-Feb. 7, 1819
Europe
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Lays the Foundation for a British Colony at Singapore


Feb. 22, 1819
North America

Adams-Onís Treaty Gives the United States Florida



Mar. 6, 1819
North America


McCulloch v. Maryland




May, 1819
North America

Unitarian Church Is Founded



May 22-June 20, 1819
North America/Europe


Savannah Is the First Steamship to Cross the Atlantic




Aug. 7, 1819
South America
Simón Bolívar Leads Colombian Patriots to Victory in the Battle of Boyacá (Latin American Wars of Independence)


Aug. 16, 1819
Europe
Peterloo Massacre in England


Dec. 11-30, 1819
Europe

British Parliament Passes the Six Acts



Dec. 17, 1819
South America
Congress of Angostura Establishes Independence of Gran Colombia from Spain


1820’s
East Asia

China’s Stele School of Calligraphy Emerges



1820’s-1830’s
North America

Free Public School Movement



1820’s-1850’s
North America

Social Reform Movement



1820
South America
Argentina Establishes a Penal Colony on the Falkland Islands


1820
Pacific Islands
Development of Whaling Industry in the North Pacific


1820
Europe

Jesuits Are Expelled from Russia, Naples, and Spain



1820
Middle East
Peace Treaty Ends Piracy in the Persian Gulf


1820
Europe
Karl Ritter Assumes the first Europe University Professorship in Geography in Berlin and Begins to Establish the Connection Between Geography and Human History


1820-1841
Southeast Asia
Reign of Emperor Minh Mang in Vietnam


1820-early 1840’s
AntarcticaEuropeans Explore the Antarctic c. 1820-1860
South America
Costumbrismo Movement




1820-1864
Africa
The Fulani Expand the Islamic Empire


Jan., 1820
Antarctica
Fabian Bellingshausen Sights the Landmass of Antarctica


Jan., 1820-Aug. 31, 1823
Europe
Spanish Civil War


Jan. 29, 1820-June 26, 1830
Europe
Reign of King George IV of Great Britain


Feb. 6, 1820
North America/Africa
African American Settlers Sail from New York to Freetown, Sierra Leone


Feb. 23, 1820
Europe

London’s Cato Street Conspirators Plot Assassinations



Mar. 3, 1820
North America

Missouri Compromise



Apr., 1820
Europe
Hans Christian {Oslash}rsted Discovers the Relationship Between Magnetism and Electricity


Apr., 1820
Europe
Scottish Insurrection


Apr. 24, 1820
North America

Congress Passes Land Act of 1820



July 2, 1820-Mar., 1821
Europe

Neapolitan Revolution



Aug. 24-Sept. 15, 1820
Europe
Constitutionalist Revolts in Portugal


Oct. 3, 1820-Feb. 25, 1850
East Asia
Reign of the Daoguang Emperor of China


Oct. 20-Nov. 19, 1820
Europe
At the Congress of Troppau, Russia, Prussia, and Austria Agree on Armed Intervention Against Republican Movements


Nov. 6, 1820
Europe

Ampère Reveals Magnetism’s Relationship to Electricity



1821
Europe

Manchester Guardian Is Founded in England



1821-1824
North America
Lachine Canal Is Built in Canada


Mar. 7, 1821-Sept. 29, 1829
Europe

Greeks Fight for Independence from the Ottoman Empire



June 24, 1821
South America
Battle of Carabobo Establishes the Independence of Colombia


July 28, 1821
South America
Peru Declares Independence from Spain


Sept., 1821
North America

Santa Fe Trail Opens



1822
Central America
El Salvador Petitions the United States for Statehood


1822
Africa
Liberia Is Founded as a Home for Freed Slaves


1822
Europe
Britain’s Royal Academy of Music Is Founded


1822-1824
Europe
Jean-François Champollion Translates the First Egyptian Hieroglyphs from the Rosetta Stone


1822-1827
Africa
Hugh Clapperton Explores the Sahara, Reaching Sokoto


1822-1831
North America

Jedediah Smith Explores the Far West



1822-1874
Africa

Exploration of North Africa



Feb. 9, 1822
Caribbean/West Indies
Haiti Invades Santo Domingo


May 24, 1822
South America
Victory by Revolutionaries in the Battle of Pichincha Establishes Ecuadoran Independence (Latin American Wars of Independence)


May 30, 1822
North America
Denmark’s Vesey Slave Uprising Is Thwarted


July 27, 1822
South America
Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín Meet in Guayaquil


Sept. 7, 1822
South America

Brazil Becomes Independent



Oct. 20-30, 1822
Europe

Great Britain Withdraws from the Concert of Europe



Oct. 22, 1822-Apr. 7, 1831
South America
Reign of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil


1823-1826
Australia
John Oxley Surveys Much of What Becomes New South Wales


1823-1831
East Asia

Hokusai Produces Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji




May, 1823
North America

Hartford Female Seminary Is Founded



July, 1823-1840
Central America
United Provinces of Central America Experiment with Republican Democracy


July 24, 1823
South America
Patriot Forces Establish Venezuelan Independence at the Battle of Lake Maracaibo (Latin American Wars of Independence)


Oct. 5, 1823
Europe

Wakley Introduces The Lancet




Dec. 2, 1823
North America

President Monroe Articulates the Monroe Doctrine



1824
Europe

British Parliament Repeals the Combination Acts



1824
East Asia
Ferdinand von Wrangel Maps the Northeastern Coast of Siberia


1824
Europe
Lord Byron Is Killed During the Greek War for Independence from Turkey


1824
Europe

Paris Salon of 1824



1824
Europe

Ranke Develops Systematic History



1824-1826
Southeast Asia
First Anglo-Burmese War


1824-1829
North America
First Welland Canal Built in Canada


Feb. 20, 1824
Europe

Buckland Presents the First Public Dinosaur Description



Mar. 2, 1824
North America


Gibbons v. Ogden




Mar. 11, 1824
North America
U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs Is Created as Part of the War Department


Mar. 17, 1824
Europe
Anglo-Dutch Treaty Resolves Lingering Colonial Differences


May 7, 1824
Europe

First Performance of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony



Sept. 16, 1824-Aug. 2, 1830
Europe
Reign of King Charles X of France


Oct. 21, 1824
Europe
Joseph Aspdin Patents Portland Cement


Nov. 5, 1824
North America
Rensselaer School Becomes the First Technological University in the English-Speaking World


Dec. 1, 1824-Feb. 9, 1825
North America

U.S. Election of 1824



Dec. 9, 1824
South America
Patriot Victory at the Battle of Ayachuco Assures Peruvian Independence (Latin American Wars of Independence)


1825
North America

Commonwealth v. Blanding



1825
Africa
Egypt Founds Khartoum at the Confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers


1825
Europe
Great Britain Repeals Laws Prohibiting Emigration, Leading to a Major Movement of Immigrants from England and Ireland


1825-1830
Southeast Asia

Great Java War



Mar. 4, 1825-Mar. 3, 1829
North America
U.S. Presidency of John Quincy Adams


Aug. 25, 1825-Aug. 27, 1828
South America
Uruguay Gains Independence from Brazil


Sept. 27, 1825
Europe

Stockton and Darlington Railway Opens



Oct. 26, 1825
North America

Erie Canal Opens



Dec. 1, 1825-Mar. 2, 1855
Europe
Reign of Czar Nicholas I of Russia


Dec. 26, 1825
Europe

Decembrist Revolt



1826
Europe
Construction of the Menai Strait Bridge off the Northwest Coast of Wales


c. 1826-1827
Europe

First Meetings of the Plymouth Brethren



1826-1840
Central America
Civil Wars of the Central American Federation


1826-1842
Europe

Young Germany Movement



Feb. 11, 1826
Europe
The University of London Is Founded


Feb. 13, 1826
North America
The American Temperance Society Is Established


Apr. 1, 1826
Europe
Samuel Morey Patents One of the First Internal Combustion Engines


July 16, 1826-Feb. 2, 1828
Middle East
Russo-Persian War Extends Russian Influence in the Caucusus


Aug. 18, 1826
Africa
Alexander Gordon Laing Is the First European to Reach Timbuktu


1827
North America
First African American Newspaper, Freedom’s Journal, Is Published in New York


Mar. 7, 1827
Europe
Edward Gibbon Wakefield Abducts Wealth Heiress Ellen Turner


1828
Africa
Basel Mission to the Gold Coast


1828
South Asia
Ram Mohan Roy founds Brahmo Samaj, the Western-Influence Society of God


1828-1834
Europe

Portugal’s Miguelite Wars



1828-1842
Europe

Arnold Reforms Rugby School



Jan. 22, 1828
Europe
Duke of Wellington Becomes Britain’s Prime Minister


Feb. 21, 1828
North America


Cherokee Phoenix Begins Publication




Feb. 21, 1828
Middle East
Turkmanchai Treaty with Persia Grants Russian Control Over Armenia and Azerbaijan


Apr. 26, 1828-Aug. 28, 1829
Europe

Second Russo-Turkish War



May 9, 1828-Apr. 13, 1829
Europe

Roman Catholic Emancipation



May 26, 1828
Europe
Discover of the Feral Child, Kaspar Hausser, in Nuremberg, Germany


Sept. 22, 1828
Africa
Shaka Zulu Is Assassinated


Sept. 29, 1828
Europe
Russia Captures the Ottoman City of Varna


Nov., 1828
North America

Webster Publishes the First American Dictionary of English



Dec. 3, 1828
North America

U.S. Election of 1828



1829
Europe
George Stephenson Builds the Steam Locomotive Rocket



1829
Europe
Louis Braille Invents Printing for the Blind


1829
North America
Mexico Abolishes Slavery


1829
Europe
First Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race


1829
Europe
Sir Charles Wheatstone Patents the Concertina


1829-1836
Europe/North America

Irish Immigration to Canada



1829-1848
Europe
Honoré de Balzac Publishes La Comédie humanine (The Human Comedy)


1829-1852
South America
Leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina


Mar. 4, 1829-Mar. 3, 1837
North America
U.S. Presidency of Andrew Jackson


June 5, 1829
Caribbean/West Indies
HMS Pickle Captures the Slaver Voladora off the Coast of Cuba


July 23, 1829
North America
William Burt Obtains a Patent for the Typographer, an Early Typewriter


Sept. 24, 1829
Europe

Treaty of Adrianople



Oct. 1, 1829
Africa
University of Cape Town Is Founded


Dec. 4, 1829
South Asia

British Abolish Suttee in India



c. 1830’s-1860’s
North America

American Renaissance in Literature



1830’s-1840’s
Pacific Islands

Scientists Study Remains of Giant Moas



1830
Australia
Charles Sturt Explores the Murray River System


1830
Europe
Gibraltar Becomes a Colony of Britain


1830
Europe
Joseph Whitworth Develops the Standard Screw Gauge


1830-1831
Europe/North America
Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday Independently Discover Electromagnetic Induction


1830-1842
North America

Trail of Tears



c. 1830-1865
North America

Southerners Advance Proslavery Arguments



c. 1830-1870
Europe

Barbizon School of Landscape Painting Flourishes



Jan. 7, 1830
North America

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Opens



Jan. 19-27, 1830
North America

Webster and Hayne Debate Slavery and Westward Expansion



Mar. 3, 1830
Europe

Hugo’s Hernani Incites Rioting



Apr. 6, 1830
North America

Smith Founds the Mormon Church



May 13, 1830
South America
Ecuador Separates from Gran Colombia


May 28, 1830
North America

Congress Passes Indian Removal Act



June 14-July 5, 1830
Africa

France Conquers Algeria



June 26, 1830-June 20, 1837
Europe
Reign of King William IV of Great Britain


July, 1830
Europe
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Is Appointed French Ambassador to England


July, 1830
Europe

Lyell Publishes Principles of Geology




July 17, 1830
Europe
In France, Barthélemy Thimonnier Is Granted a Patent for His Sewing Machine


July 29, 1830
Europe

July Revolution Deposes Charles X



Aug. 9, 1830-Feb. 24, 1848
Europe
Reign of Louis-Phillipe, the Citizen King of France


Aug. 25, 1830-May 21, 1833
Europe

Belgian Revolution



Sept. 15, 1830
Europe
Liverpool and Manchester Railway Opens


Oct.-Dec., 1830
Europe

Delacroix Paints Liberty Leading the People




Nov., 1830-Oct., 1865
Europe
Prominence of Lord Palmerston as British Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister


Nov. 8, 1830-May 22, 1859
Europe
Ferdinand II Reigns over the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies


Nov. 29, 1830-Aug. 15, 1831
Europe

First Polish Rebellion



Dec. 5, 1830
Europe
Hector Berlioz Premiers Symphonie phantastique in Paris


Dec. 20, 1830
Europe
Recognition of Belgian Independence by the European Powers


1831
North America
Female Literary Association Formed in Philadelphia


1831
Europe

Mazzini Founds Young Italy



1831
Middle East
Muḥammad ՙAlī Pasha Conquers Syria


1831
Africa
Brothers Richard and John Lander Explore the Course of the Lower Niger River


1831-1834
East Asia

Hiroshige Completes The Tokaido Fifty-Three Stations




1831-1846
Australia
Thomas Mitchell’s Explorations Lead to the Rapid Expansion of Pastoralism in the Australian Interior


Jan. 1, 1831
North America

Garrison Begins Publishing The Liberator




Feb.-Mar., 1831
Europe
Liberal Revolts Against Austria Throughout Central and Northern Italy


Feb. 2, 1831-June 1, 1846
Europe
Pontificate of Pope Gregory XVI


Feb. 14, 1831
Africa
Ethiopian Crown Beats Back a Rebellion in the Battle of Debre Abbay (Ethiopian Civil War)


Mar. 10, 1831
Europe
Founding of the French Foreign Legion


Mar. 18, 1831, and Mar. 3, 1832
North America

Cherokee Cases



Apr. 7, 1831-Dec. 5, 1891
South America
Reign of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil


Apr. 11, 1831
South America
Mass Killing of Charrua Indians at Salsipuedes


May, 1831-Feb., 1832
North America

Tocqueville Visits America



Summer, 1831
North America

McCormick Invents the Reaper



Aug. 21, 1831
North America

Turner Launches Slave Insurrection



Oct., 1831
Europe

Faraday Converts Magnetic Force into Electricity



Dec. 27, 1831-Oct. 2, 1836
South America
Charles Darwin Voyages Around the World on HMS Beagle



1832
Central America
Anastasio Aquino Leads an Indigenous Revolt Against Creoles and Mestizos in El Salvador


1832-1841
Middle East

Turko-Egyptian Wars



1832-1847
Africa

Abdelkader Leads Algeria Against France



Feb. 12, 1832
Europe
Cholera Epidemic Claims Three Thousand Lives in London


Feb. 12, 1832
South America
Ecuador Annexes the Galápagos Islands


Mar. 12, 1832
Europe


La Sylphide Inaugurates Romantic Ballet’s Golden Age




May 7, 1832
Europe
The Prince of Bavaria Is Chosen as King of the Newly Established Kingdom of Greece


June 4, 1832
Europe

British Parliament Passes the Reform Act of 1832



June 15, 1832
Middle East
Egyptian Forces Seize Damascus


July 10, 1832
North America

Jackson Vetoes Rechartering of the Bank of the United States



Nov. 24, 1832-Jan. 21, 1833
North America

Nullification Controversy



Dec. 4-23, 1832
Europe
The Netherlands Loses Antwerp to French Attack (War of Belgian Independence)


1833
Europe

British Parliament Passes the Factory Act



1833
North America
Lucretia Mott Founds the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society


Jan., 1833
South America

Great Britain Occupies the Falkland Islands



May 16, 1833-Aug. 9, 1855
North America
Political Influence of Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico


July 14, 1833
Europe

Oxford Movement Begins



Aug. 28, 1833
World

Slavery Is Abolished Throughout the British Empire



Aug. 29, 1833
Europe
British Parliament Passes the Factory Act, Limiting Child Labor


Sept. 3, 1833
North America

Birth of the Penny Press



Sept. 29, 1833-1849
Europe

Carlist Wars Unsettle Spain



Dec., 1833
North America

American Anti-Slavery Society Is Founded



Dec. 3, 1833
North America

Oberlin College Opens



1834
Europe
Composer Hector Berlioz Completes His Symphony Harold en Italie (Harold in Italy)


Jan. 1, 1834
Europe

German States Join to Form Customs Union



Apr. 14, 1834
North America

Clay Begins American Whig Party



Aug. 14, 1834
Europe

British Parliament Passes New Poor Law



Oct. 14, 1834
North America

Blair Patents His First Seed Planter



1835
North America

Finney Lectures on “Revivals of Religion”



1835
Europe
Gaetano Donizetti’s Opera Lucia di Lammermoor Premiers in Naples


1835
Africa

South Africa’s Great Trek Begins



1835-1836
Europe

Strauss Publishes The Life of Jesus Critically Examined




1835-1845
South America
Brazilian Antiregency Uprisings


1835-1848
North America
Newspaper Owner Joseph Howe Advocates Responsible Government for Canada


1835-1863
South Asia
Reign of Dost Mohammed as Emir in Afghanistan


Jan., 1835-July, 1836
North America
Construction of Canada’s First Railway


Jan. 30, 1835
North America
Unsuccessful Assassination Attempt Against U.S. President Andrew Jackson


Mar. 2, 1835
Europe
Reign of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria


May 5, 1835
Europe
First Railway in Continental Europe Opens in Belgium


May 8, 1835
Europe

Andersen Publishes His First Fairy Tales



Aug. 16, 1835
Australia

Melbourne, Australia, Is Founded



Sept. 7, 1835
South America
Charles Darwin Arrives in the Galápagos Islands Aboard HMS Beagle



Sept. 9, 1835
Europe

British Parliament Passes Municipal Corporations Act



Oct. 2, 1835-Apr. 21, 1836
North America

Texas Revolution



Dec. 7, 1835
Europe
First German Railway Opens


1836
North America
Angelina Grimké’s Appeal to the Christian Women of the South Urges Women to Protest Slavery


1836
Europe
Architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin Publishes Contrasts: Or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present



1836
North America
First Chartered Women’s College, Wesleyan College, Opens in Macon, Georgia


1836
North America

Transcendental Movement Arises in New England



Feb. 23-Mar. 6, 1836
North America
Texans Slow Mexican Troops but Are Defeated at the Siege of the Alamo (Texas War of Independence)


Feb. 25, 1836
North America

Colt Patents the Revolver



Mar. 2, 1836
North America
Texas Declares Its Independence of Mexico


Apr. 21, 1836
North America
Texans Rout Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto (Texas War of Independence)


July 21, 1836
North America

Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad Opens



Oct. 28, 1836-Feb. 20, 1839
South America
Peru-Bolivian Confederation


Dec. 28, 1836
Australia
Colony of South Australia Is Proclaimed


1837
North America
John Deere Develops a Steel Plow


1837-1853
East Asia
Shogunate of Tokugawa Ieyoshi in Japan


Jan. 4, 1837
Europe
Charles Darwin Presents Bird and Mammal Specimens from the Beagle Voyage to the Zoological Society in London


Jan. 12, 1837
Europe

Mazzini Begins London Exile



Mar. 4, 1837-Mar. 3, 1841
North America
U.S. Presidency of Martin Van Buren


Mar. 17, 1837
North America

Panic of 1837 Begins



June 11, 1837
North America
Broad Street Riot in Boston


June 20, 1837-Jan. 22, 1901
Europe
Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain


Oct. 23-Dec. 16, 1837
North America

Rebellions Rock British Canada



Nov. 8, 1837
North America

Mt. Holyoke Seminary Opens



Nov. 25, 1837
North American
Patriote Louis-Joseph Papineau Flees to the United States to Avoid Arrest


1838
North America
France Blockades Mexico During the Pastry War


1838
Africa
James Wellsted Charts the Omani Coast


1838
East Asia
Nakayama Miki Founds the Tenri Sect in Japan


1838
Europe
The National Gallery Opens in London


1838-1839
North America

Aroostook War



1838-1839
Europe

Schwann and Virchow Develop Cell Theory



Apr. 4-23, 1838
Europe
The Sirius and the Great Western Make the First All-Steam Transatlantic Voyages


May 8, 1838-Apr. 10, 1848
Europe

Chartist Movement



June 28, 1838
Europe

Queen Victoria’s Coronation



Sept. 28, 1838-1858
South Asia
Reign of Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II of India


Nov. 3, 1838
South Asia
The Bombay Times and the Journal of Commerce Are Founded


Dec. 16, 1838
Africa
Trekking Boers Beat Back the Zulu at the Battle of Blood River (South African Frontier Wars)


1839
Europe

Blanc Publishes The Organization of Labour




1839
Europe

Daguerre and Niépce Invent Daguerreotype Photography



1839
North America
Lord Durham Recommends the Assimilation of French-Speaking Canadians


1839
North America
Mississippi Passes First Married Women’s Property Act


1839-1842
South Asia

First Afghan War



1839-1847
Middle East

Layard Explores and Excavates Assyrian Ruins



Jan. 19, 1839
Middle East
Britain Annexes Aden


Jan. 20, 1839
South America
Chilean Army Defeats Peruvian-Bolivian Coalition in the Battle of Yungay (Chilean Recovery Expedition)


Mar. 26, 1839
Europe
First Staging of the Henley Royal Regatta


Apr. 9, 1839
Europe
First Commercial Electric Telegraph Line Opens in England


Apr. 19, 1839
Europe
Treaty of London Establishes the Independence of Belgium


June 22, 1839
Europe
Louis Daguerre Receives Patent for His Camera


July 1, 1839-June 25, 1861
Europe
Reign of Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid of the Ottoman Empire, Who Begins the Tanzimat Program of Modernization


July 2, 1839
North America


Amistad Slave Revolt




Sept., 1839-Aug. 29, 1842
East Asia

First Opium War



Oct. 3, 1839
Europe
First Railway Opens on the Italian Peninsula


Nov., 1839
Central America

Stephens Begins Uncovering Mayan Antiquities



Nov. 25, 1839
South Asia
Giant Cyclone Kills 300,000 in India


1840’s-1850’s
North America

American Era of “Old” Immigration



1840’s-1880’s
Europe

Russian Realist Movement



1840
North America
Catherine Brewer Becomes the First Woman to Graduate from College in the United States


1840
Europe
The Cunard Line Is Founded, Becoming One of the Largest Carriers of Transatlantic Immigrants


1840
North America
The First Issue of the Lowell Offering Is Published


1840
Europe
The First Photograph of the Moon Is Taken


1840
Antarctica
French Expedition Nears the South Magnetic Pole


1840
Europe

Liebig Advocates Artificial Fertilizers



1840
Europe
Max Schneckenburger writes Die Wacht am Rhine (The Watch on the Rhine)


1840
Middle East/Africa
Omani Ruler Imam Sayyid Said Transfers Capital to Zanzibar


1840-Sept. 10, 1862
South America
Political Influence of Carlos Antonio López in Paraguay


Jan. 10, 1840
Europe

Great Britain Establishes Penny Postage



Jan. 19, 1840
Antarctica
American Captain Charles Wilkes Claims Wilkes Land for the United States


Jan. 22, 1840
Pacific Islands
British Colonists Reach New Zealand, Establishing Wellington


Feb. 6, 1840
Pacific Islands
Treaty of Waitaingi Grants British Sovereignty in New Zealand


Apr. 27, 1840-Feb., 1852
Europe

British Houses of Parliament Are Rebuilt



May 7, 1840
North America
Great Natchez Tornado Kills 317 in Mississippi


Sept. 10, 1840
Middle East
Anglo-Ottoman Force Bombards Egyptians in Beirut


Dec. 2, 1840
North America

U.S. Election of 1840



1841
Australia
Edward John Eyre Completes the First Transcontinental Journey Across Australia


Jan., 1841
Antarctica
James Ross Forces a Passage Through Antarctic Pack Ice


Jan. 26, 1841
East Asia
British Troops Occupy Hong Kong (First Opium War)


Feb. 10, 1841
North America

Upper and Lower Canada Unite



Mar. 4, 1841-Apr. 4, 1841
North America
U.S. Presidnecy of William Henry Harrison


Apr. 4, 1841-Mar. 3, 1845
North America
U.S. Presidency of John Tyler


Sept. 4, 1841
North America

Congress Passes Preemption Act of 1841



Sept. 24, 1841
Southeast Asia
Britain Annexes Sarawak


1842
Europe
Charles James Apperley (Nimrod) Publishes The Life of a Sportsman



1842
Europe
Giuseppe Verdi’s Nationalistic Opera Nabucco Debuts


1842
Europe

Tennyson Publishes “Morte d’Arthur”



1842
East Asia
Treaty of Nanking Opens British Trade to Chinese Ports


Mar., 1842
North America


Commonwealth v. Hunt




Mar. 5, 1842
North America
Mexican Troops Briefly Invade the Republic of Texas


May, 1842-1854
North America

Frémont Explores the American West



May 14, 1842
Europe
First Edition of the Illustrated London News



May 18, 1842
North America

Rhode Island’s Dorr Rebellion



Aug. 9, 1842
North America

Webster-Ashburton Treaty Settles Maine’s Canadian Border



1843
Central Asia
Alexander von Humboldt Publishes Central Asia



1843
Africa
Britain Occupies Natal in Southern Africa


1843
Europe

Carlyle Publishes Past and Present




Jan. 2, 1843
Europe

Wagner’s Flying Dutchman Debuts



Feb. 6, 1843
North America

First Minstrel Shows



Feb. 17, 1843
South Asia
British Victory at the Battle of Miani Leads to Annexation of the Sind


Sept. 2, 1843
Europe

Wilson Launches The Economist




Oct. 13, 1843
North America
B’nai Brith Founded in New York City


Dec. 17, 1843
Europe
Charles Dickens Publishes “A Christmas Carol”


1844
Southeast Asia
Thailand Establishes a Protectorate in Cambodia


Jan. 15, 1844
North America
University of Notre Dame Chartered


Feb. 27, 1844
Caribbean/West Indies
Dominican Republic Gains Independence from Haiti


May 6-July 5, 1844
North America

Anti-Irish Riots Erupt in Philadelphia



May 23, 1844
Middle East
Babism Established in Persia


May 24, 1844
North America

Morse Sends First Telegraph Message



June 15, 1844
North America

Goodyear Patents Vulcanized Rubber



July 3, 1844
Europe
Extinction of the Great Auk


Aug., 1844-Jan., 1846
Australia
The Ill-Fated Expedition of Charles Sturt Dispels Notions of an Inland Sea


Oct. 22, 1844
North America
Millerites Expect the Return of Jesus


Dec. 4, 1844-Apr. 14, 1865
Central America
Political Influence of Jose Rafael Carrera in Guatemala


1845
Europe
Alexander von Humboldt Publishes the First Volume of Kosmos



c. 1845
North America

Clipper Ship Era Begins



1845
Australia
Edward John Eyre Publishes Discoveries in Central Australia



1845
Europe
First Photograph Taken of the Sun


c. 1845
North America

Modern Baseball Begins



1845
North America

White v. Nicholls



1845-1847
Artctic
Franklin Expedition Perishes Seeking the Northwest Passage


1845-1849
South Asia
Sikh Wars


1845-1854
Europe

Great Irish Famine



1845-1860
World
More than 1.7 Million Irish Immigrate to the United States


Jan. 29, 1845
North America
Edgar Allan Poe Publishes “The Raven”


Mar. 4, 1845-Mar. 3, 1849
North America
U.S. Presidency of James K. Polk


Mar. 11, 1845
Pacific Islands
Maoris Burn Kororarake (Flagstaff War)


July 4, 1845-Sept. 6, 1847
North America
Henry David Thoreau Lives at Walden Pond


Oct. 9, 1845
Europe

Newman Becomes a Roman Catholic



Dec. 21-22, 1845
South Asia
British Force Sikhs to Withdraw Beyond the Sutlej River in the Battle of Ferozeshah (First Sikh War)


Dec. 29, 1845
North America
Republic of Texas Is Admitted as the Twenty-Eighth State of the United States


1846
Europe
The Paris Opera House Installs Electric-Arc Lighting


Jan. 28, 1846
South Asia
British Destroy Ranjur Singh’s Army at the Battle of Aliwal (First Sikh War)


Feb. 4, 1846
North America

Mormons Begin Migration to Utah



May 8, 1846
North America

Battle of Palo Alto



May 13, 1846-Feb. 2, 1848
North America

Mexican War



May 17, 1846
Europe
Adolphe Sax Patents the Saxophone


June 14-July 7, 1846
North America
Bear Flag Republic Revolts Against Mexico (Mexican War)


June 15, 1846
Europe

British Parliament Repeals the Corn Laws



June 15, 1846
North America

United States Acquires Oregon Territory



June 16, 1846-Feb. 7, 1878
Europe
Pontificate of Pope Pius IX


June 30, 1846-Jan. 13, 1847
North America

United States Occupies California and the Southwest



Aug. 1, 1846
North America

Establishment of Independent U.S. Treasury



Aug. 10, 1846
North America

Smithsonian Institution Is Founded



Sept. 10, 1846
North America

Howe Patents His Sewing Machine



Sept. 21-24, 1846
North America
U.S. Forces Continue Southern Advance with Victory at the Battle of Monterrey (Mexican War)


Sept. 23, 1846
Europe
Discovery of Neptune by Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d’Arrest


Oct. 16, 1846
North America

Safe Surgical Anesthesia Is Demonstrated



Dec. 2, 1846
Central America
Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty Grants U.S. Transit Rights Across the Isthmus of Panama


1847
Europe

Boole Publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic




1847
Europe

Hamburg-Amerika Shipping Line Begins



Jan. 19-Feb. 3, 1847
North America

Taos Rebellion



Feb. 22-23, 1847
North America
American Victory at Battle of Buena Vista Ends the Northern Campaign (Mexican War)


Apr. 17-18, 1847
North America
American Victory at the Battle of Cerro Gordo Enables Continued March on Mexico City (Mexican War)


May, 1847
Europe

Semmelweis Develops Antiseptic Procedures



June 1, 1847
Europe
First Communist Congress Meets in London


July 26, 1847
Africa

Liberia Proclaims Its Independence



Sept. 12-13, 1847
North America

Battle of Chapultepec



Oct. 28, 1847-Feb. 19, 1848
North America
Donner Party Settlers Traveling from Illinois to California Are Trapped by Heavy Snows


Dec. 3, 1847
North America

Douglas Launches The North Star




1848
North America
Shaker Joseph Brackett Writes the Song “Simple Gifts”


1848-1852
South America
Alfred Russel Wallace Undertakes Botanical Study of the Amazon River Basin


1848-1889
Africa

Exploration of East Africa



Jan. 12, 1848
Europe
Liberal Rising in Palermo Against Bourbon Rule


Jan. 12, 1848-Aug. 28, 1849
Europe

Italian Revolution of 1848



Jan. 24, 1848
North America

California Gold Rush Begins



Jan. 26, 1848
North America
Henry David Thoreau Presents His Ideas on Civil Disobedience to the Concord Lyceum


Feb., 1848
Europe

Marx and Engels Publish The Communist Manifesto




Feb. 2, 1848
North America

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Ends Mexican War



Feb. 22-June, 1848
Europe

Paris Revolution of 1848



Mar. 3-Nov. 3, 1848
Europe

Prussian Revolution of 1848



Mar. 7, 1848
Pacific Islands
Great Mahele Land Division Permits Foreign Ownership of Land in Hawaii


Mar. 13, 1848-Mar. 4, 1849
Europe
Austrian Revolutions of 1848


Apr., 1848-Mar., 1849
South Asia

Second Anglo-Sikh War



Apr. 10, 1848
Europe
Monster Chartist Rally in London


Apr. 27, 1848
World
France Abolishes Slavery


May 11, 1848
Africa
Johann Rebmann Sights Snow-Covered Mount Kilimanjaro


July 4, 1848
North America

Ground Is Broken for the Washington Monument



July 19-20, 1848
North America

Seneca Falls Convention



July 26, 1848
South Asia
Matale Rebellion Against British Rule in Ceylon


July 29, 1848
Europe
Tipperary Revolt in Ireland Put Down by British Police


Aug. 28, 1848
Caribbean/West Indies
Mathieu Luis Represents Guadaloupe in the French Parliament, Becoming France’s First Black Representative


Sept. 12, 1848
Europe

Swiss Confederation Is Formed



Sept. 17, 1848-May 1, 1896
Middle East
Reign of Shah N{amacr}sir al-Din of Persia


Fall, 1848
Europe

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Begins



Dec. 2, 1848-Nov. 21, 1916
Europe
Reign of Emperor Francis (Franz) Joseph I


Dec. 10, 1848
Europe
Prince Louis Napoleon Elected First President of the Second French Republic


1849
North America/East Asia

Chinese Begin Immigrating to California



Jan. 13, 1849
South Asia
Sher Singh Fights the British to a Draw in the Battle of Chilianwala (Second Sikh War)


Jan. 23, 1849
North America
Elizabeth Blackwell Becomes the First Woman in the United States to Be Awarded a Medical Degree


Feb. 21, 1849
South Asia
Decisive Defeat of the Sikhs in the Battle of Gujarat, Leading to British Annexation of the Punjab (Second Sikh War)


Mar. 4, 1849-July 9, 1850
North America
U.S. Presidency of Zachary Taylor


Apr. 25, 1849
North America

First Test of Canada’s Responsible Government



May 17, 1849
North America
Great St. Louis Fire


July, 1849
North America
Harriet Tubman Escapes from Slavery


Dec., 1849
Europe

Dostoevski Is Exiled to Siberia



1850’s-1880’s
North America

Rise of Burlesque and Vaudeville



1850
Australia
Britain Grants Responsible Government to the Australian Colonies


1850
Europe
First Photograph of a Star Is Taken


1850
North America

First U.S. Petroleum Refinery Is Built



1850-1851
Europe
Joseph Paxton Designs and Builds the Crystal Palace in London


1850-1852
Africa
Arab Merchants Traverse Africa from Dar es Salaam to Benguela


1850-1855
Africa
Heinrich Barth Explores North and Central Africa


c. 1850-1860
North America

Underground Railroad Flourishes



1850-1865
Europe

Clausius Formulates the Second Law of Thermodynamics



Jan. 29-Sept. 20, 1850
North America

Compromise of 1850



Mar. 9, 1850-Aug. 22, 1861
East Asia
Reign of the Xianfeng Emperor of China


Apr. 4, 1850
North America
Los Angeles, California, Is Incorporated


May, 1850-Jan. 27, 1855
Central America
Completion of the Panama Railway


May 6, 1850
North America

California’s Bloody Island Massacre



July 9, 1850-Mar. 3, 1853
North America
U.S. Presidency of Millard Fillmore


Aug. 28, 1850
Europe
Richard Wagner’s Opera Lohengrin Premiers


Sept. 9, 1850
North America
California Is Admitted as the Thirty-First U.S. State


Sept. 18, 1850
North America

Second Fugitive Slave Law



Nov. 5, 1850
Europe

Tennyson Becomes England’s Poet Laureate



Dec. 16, 1850
Pacific Islands
Canterbury Pilgrims Arrive in Lyttleton, New Zealand


1851
Middle East
Dar ol-Foonon Is Established as First Modern University in Persia


1851
Australia

Gold Is Discovered in New South Wales



1851
North America

Melville Publishes Moby Dick




1851-1854
Europe

Comte Advances His Theory of Positivism



1851-1868
Southeast Asia
Reign of King Rama IV in Thailand


1851-1900
Europe/North America
More than 4.4 Million Germans Immigrate to the United States


Jan. 11, 1851-late summer, 1864
East Asia

China’s Taiping Rebellion



Mar. 30, 1851
Europe
First Census Is Taken in the United Kingdom


May 1-Oct. 15, 1851
Europe

London Hosts the First World’s Fair



May 28-29, 1851
North America

Akron Woman’s Rights Convention



July, 1851
Europe
Adolf Anderssen Wins “The Immortal Game” of Chess over Lionel Kieseritzky


Aug. 22, 1851
North America


America Wins the First America’s Cup Race




Sept. 18, 1851
North America

Modern New York Times Is Founded



Nov. 13, 1851
Europe
First Permanent Underwater Telegraph Cable Links France and England


1852
Africa
Al-Hajj Umar Proclaims Jihad in West Africa


1852
Southeast Asia
Second Anglo-Burmese War Leads to British Annexation of Southern Burma


1852
North America

Stowe Publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin




1852
North America
Université Laval North America’s First French-Language University, Is Founded


1852
Europe
William Henry Fox Talbot Patents Photoengraving


1852-1878
Europe
Montenegrin Wars of Independence


Jan. 17, 1852
Africa
Britain Recognizes Independence of the Transvaal


Mar., 1852-Sept., 1853
Europe

Dickens Publishes Bleak House




Sept. 24, 1852
Europe
Henri Giffard Creates the First Steam-Powered Airship


Nov. 10, 1852
North America

Canada’s Grand Trunk Railway Is Incorporated



Dec. 2, 1852
Europe

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Becomes Emperor of France



1853
South America
The Argentine Constitution Encourages European Immigration


1853
Europe
Georges Eugène Haussmann Modernizes Paris with Improved Public Works, Boulevards, and Parks


1853
Europe
Robert Smith Surtees Publishes Mr. Sponge’s Sporting Tour



1853
North America
Stephen Foster Writes “My Old Kentucky Home”


1853
North America
Yellow Fever Epidemic Kills Almost Eight Thousand in New Orleans


1853-1868
East Asia

Qing Dynasty Confronts the Nian Rebellion



1853-1878
Southeast Asia
Reign of King Mindon Min in Burma


Jan. 19, 1853
Europe
Giuseppe Verdi’s Opera Il Trovatore Premiers in Rome


Mar. 2, 1853-1857
North America

Pacific Railroad Surveys



Mar. 4, 1853-Mar. 3, 1857
North America
U.S. Presidency of Franklin Pierce


July 6, 1853
North America

National Council of Colored People Is Founded



July 8, 1853
East Asia
U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry Arrives in Edo (Tokyo) Bay


Aug. 12, 1853
Pacific Islands
Britain Grants Responsible Government to New Zealand


Sept. 12, 1853
Middle East

Burton Enters Mecca in Disguise



Oct. 4, 1853-Mar. 30, 1856
Europe

Crimean War



Nov. 17, 1853
Africa

Livingstone Sees the Victoria Falls



Nov. 30, 1853
Europe
Russia Destroys the Turkish Fleet at the Battle of Sinope (Crimean War)


Dec. 31, 1853
North America

Gadsden Purchase Completes the U.S.-Mexican Border



1854-1862
Southeast Asia

Wallace’s Expeditions Give Rise to Biogeography



1854-1868
Europe
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc Publishes Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (dictionary of French architecture from the eleventh to the sixteenth century)


1854-1885
Central Asia
Russia Occupies Central Asia


Jan. 1, 1854
North America
Lincoln University (originally the Ashmun Institute) Is Chartered as the First Black College in the United States


Jan. 13, 1854
North America
Anthony Faas Receives a U.S. Patent for a Modern Accordian


Feb. 17, 1854
Africa
Britain Recognizes the Independence of the Orange Free State in Southern Africa


Mar. 31, 1854
East Asia

Perry Opens Japan to Western Trade



May 30, 1854
North America

Congress Passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act



June 6, 1854
North America
U.S.-Canadian Reciprocity Treaty Reduces Customs Duties


July 6, 1854
North America

Birth of the Republican Party



Sept. 20, 1854
Europe
Anglo-French-Turkish Armies Advance with a Victory over Russia at the Battle of Alma (Crimean War)


Oct. 17, 1854-Sept. 11, 1855
Europe

Siege of Sevastopol



Oct. 25, 1854
Europe

Battle of Balaklava



Nov. 4, 1854
Europe

Nightingale Takes Charge of Nursing in the Crimea



Nov. 5, 1854
Europe
Russian Troops Fail to Lift the Siege of Sevastopol in the Battle of Inkerman (Crimean War)


Dec. 8, 1854
Europe

Pius IX Decrees the Immaculate Conception Dogma



1855
Europe

Bessemer Patents Improved Steel-Processing Method



1855
Europe

Courbet Establishes Realist Art Movement



1855
Central America
First Highway for Wheeled Traffic Begins in El Salvador


1855-1868
Africa
Reign of Emperor Teodoros in Ethiopia


Jan. 23, 1855
North America
First Bridge over the Mississippi River Opens


Mar. 2, 1855-Mar. 13, 1881
Europe
Reign of Czar Alexander II


June 16, 1855-May 1, 1857
Central America

Walker Invades Nicaragua



June 29, 1855
Europe

Daily Telegraph Begins Publication in Britain



Winter, 1855-Jan. 2, 1878
East Asia

Muslim Rebellions in China



Mar. 5, 1856
Europe
Fire Destroys Covent Garden Theatre in London


Mar. 30, 1856
Europe
Treaty of Paris Ends the Crimean War


Apr. 15, 1856
Central America
“Watermelon War” Race Riot in Panama City


Apr. 16, 1856
South Asia
Declaration of Paris Makes Her{amacr}t Part of Afghanistan


May, 1856-Aug., 1858
North America

Bleeding Kansas



May 22, 1856
North America
Congressman Preston Brooks Assaults Senator Charles Sumner in the Hall of the U.S. Senate Following Sumner’s Verbal Attack on Brooks’s Uncle, Senator Andrew Pickens Butler


Aug., 1856
Europe

Neanderthal Skull Is Found in Germany



Oct., 1856
North America
Toronto-Montreal Line of the Grand Trunk Railway Opens


Oct. 1-Dec. 15, 1856
Europe

Flaubert Publishes Madame Bovary




Oct. 23, 1856-Nov. 6, 1860
East Asia

Second Opium War



1857
Europe
Gustave Flaubert Publishes Madame Bovary



1857
Europe

Pasteur Begins Developing Germ Theory and Microbiology



Jan. 1, 1857
North America

First African American University Opens



Feb. 16, 1857
North America
Gallaudet, the First University for the Deaf, Is Founded


Mar. 4, 1857-Mar. 3, 1861
North America
U.S. Presidency of James Buchanan


Mar. 6, 1857
North America


Dred Scott v. Sandford




Mar. 21, 1857
East Asia
Earthquake Near Tokyo Kills 100,000


Mar. 23, 1857
North America

Otis Installs the First Passenger Elevator



May 10, 1857-July 8, 1858
South Asia

Sepoy Mutiny Against British Rule



May 11, 1857
South Asia
Indian Troops Take Delhi from the British (Sepoy Mutiny)


May 12, 1857
North America

New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children Opens



June, 1857-Feb. 13, 1858
Africa
Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke Explore the Region Between Mombasa and Lake Tanganyika


June 4-Dec. 6, 1857
South Asia
Battle, Siege, and Massacre at Cawnpore (Sepoy Mutiny)


Aug.-Dec., 1857
North America

Texas’s Cart War



Aug. 28, 1857
Europe

British Parliament Passes the Matrimonial Causes Act



Dec., 1857-Jan., 1861
North America
War of Reform in Mexico


Dec. 16, 1857
Europe
Earthquake Kills Eleven Thousand in Naples, Italy


1858
North America
Fenian Brotherhood Is Founded


1858
Europe
Rebuilding of Ringstrasse in Vienna


Jan. 14, 1858
Europe
Orsini Plot to Assassinate French President Napoleon III Fails


Jan. 31, 1858
Europe

Brunel Launches the SS Great Eastern




Feb. 11-July 16, 1858
Europe

Virgin Mary Appears to Bernadette Soubirous



Mar. 23, 1858
North America

Fraser River Gold Rush Begins



June 16-Oct. 15, 1858
North America

Lincoln-Douglas Debates



June 23, 1858
Europe
Edgar Mortara Is Kidnapped from His Jewish Family by Papal Guards


July 26, 1858
Europe

Rothschild Is First Jewish Member of British Parliament



Aug., 1858
Southeast Asia

France and Spain Invade Vietnam



Aug. 2, 1858
Africa
John Hanning Speke Reaches and Names Lake Victoria


Aug. 7, 1858
Australia
First Australian-Rules Football Match Is Played in Melbourne


1859
Middle East
The Codex Sinaiticus Is Discovered by Constantine von Tischendorf


1859
Europe

Mill Publishes On Liberty




1859
Europe

Smiles Publishes Self-Help




1859
Southeast Asia
Treaty of Lisbon Divides the Island of Timor Between Portugal and the Netherlands


1859-1861
Africa
Henri Duveyrier Studies the Taureg Tribes of Northern Africa


1859-1875
South America
Political Influence of Gabriel García Moreno in Ecuador


1859-1878
Europe
Russia Gains Control of the Caucasus Region


Jan. 24, 1859
Europe
Moldavia and Walachia Unite Under the Name Romania


Apr. 29-Nov., 1859
Europe
Austro-Sardinian War


June 4, 1859
Europe
Franco-Sardinian Forces Defeat Austria at the Battle of Magenta (Austro-Sardinian War)


June 24, 1859
Europe

Battle of Solferino



July, 1859
North America

Last Slave Ship Docks at Mobile



July 6, 1859
Australia
Colony of Queensland Separates from New South Wales


July 11, 1859
Europe

Napoleon III and Francis Joseph I Meet at Villafranca



Aug. 27, 1859
North America

Commercial Oil Drilling Begins



Sept. 7, 1859
Europe
London’s Big Ben Clock and Thirteen-Ton Bell Become Fully Functional


Sept. 16, 1859
Africa
David Livingstone Reaches Lake Nyasa


Oct. 16-18, 1859
North America

Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry



Nov. 24, 1859
Europe

Darwin Publishes On the Origin of Species




Dec. 2, 1859
North America
John Brown Is Hanged for His Raid on Harpers Ferry


1860’s
East Asia

China’s Self-Strengthening Movement Arises



1860
North America
Gail Borden Opens a Factory to Produce Evaporated Milk


1860
Europe

Lenoir Patents the Internal Combustion Engine



1860-1900
North America
The Foreign-Born Population of the United States Averages Almost 14 Percent of the Total Population


Mar., 1860-Feb., 1861
Southeast Asia
Vietnamese Lay Siege to French-Held Saigon


Mar. 5, 1860-May 15, 1872
Pacific Islands
Second Maori War Leads to the Disruption of Maori Society


Spring, 1860
Middle East
Ottoman Massacre of Christians in Damascus, Syria


Mar. 24, 1860
Europe
France Annexes Savoy and Nice


Apr. 3, 1860-Oct. 26, 1861
North America

Pony Express Expedites Transcontinental Mail



Apr. 30, 1860-1865
North America

Apache and Navajo War



May-July, 1860
Europe

Garibaldi’s Redshirts Land in Sicily



Aug. 22, 1860
Europe
Giuseppe Garibaldi’s Red Shirts Cross from Sicily to the Italian Mainland (Wars of Italian Independence)


Oct. 16, 1860
East Asia
British and French Troops Burn the Imperial Summer Palace in China


Nov. 6, 1860
North America

Lincoln Is Elected U.S. President



1861
Europe


Archaeopteryx Lithographica Is Discovered




1861
Europe

Morris Founds Design Firm



1861
Europe
Pasteurization of Beer, Wine, and Milk Is Introduced


1861-1863, 1867-1872
North America
Benito Juárez Serves as President of Mexico


1861-1864
North America
Balloons Are Used for Reconnaissance During the American Civil War


Jan. 2, 1861-Mar. 9, 1888
Europe
Reign of Kaiser William (Wilhelm) I of Germany


Feb. 6, 1861-Sept. 4, 1886
North America

Apache Wars



Feb. 8, 1861
North America

Establishment of the Confederate States of America



Mar. 3, 1861
Europe

Emancipation of Russian Serfs



Mar. 4, 1861
North America

Lincoln Is Inaugurated President



Mar. 17, 1861
Europe

Italy Is Proclaimed a Kingdom



Apr. 12, 1861-Apr. 9, 1865
North America

U.S. Civil War



June 25, 1861-May 30, 1876
Europe
Reign of Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz of the Ottoman Empire


July 21, 1861
North America

First Battle of Bull Run



Oct. 24, 1861
North America

Transcontinental Telegraph Is Completed



Oct. 31, 1861-June 19, 1867
North America

France Occupies Mexico



Nov. 1-2, 1861
East Asia

Cixi’s Coup Preserves Qing Dynasty Power



1862
Europe

Spencer Introduces Principles of Social Darwinism



1862-1863
Middle East
William Palgrave Becomes the First European to Cross the Arabian Desert from West to East


Jan., 1862
North America
Spanish, French, and British Troops Land in Mexico


Jan. 1, 1862
Africa
Britain Annexes Lagos Island, Nigeria


Mar. 9, 1862
North America

Battle of the Monitor and the Virginia




May 5, 1862
North America
Mexico Wins a Moral Victory over France at the Battle of Puebla (Cinco de Mayo)


May 20, 1862
North America

Lincoln Signs the Homestead Act



July 1, 1862
Europe
The Russian State Library Founded


July 2, 1862
North America

Lincoln Signs the Morrill Land Grant Act



July 17, 1862
North America
U.S. Congress Enables African Americans to Serve Legally in the Union Army


Aug. 17, 1862-Dec. 28, 1863
North America

Great Sioux War



Aug. 17, 1862-Dec. 28, 1863
Africa
John Hanning Speke Reaches and Names Ripon Falls, the Source of the Nile River


Sept. 24, 1862
Europe

Bismarck Becomes Prussia’s Minister-President



Nov., 1862
Pacific Islands

Slave Traders Begin Ravaging Easter Island



1863
Middle East

Baha’ism Takes Form



1863
Southeast Asia
Cambodia Becomes an Autonomous French Protectorate


1863
Europe
Henry Clifton Sorby Discovers the Microstructure of Steel


1863
World
The Netherlands Becomes the Last European Nation to Abolish Slavery


1863-1913
Europe

Greece Unifies Under the Glücksburg Dynasty



Jan. 1, 1863
North America

Lincoln Issues the Emancipation Proclamation



Jan. 10, 1863
Europe

First Underground Railroad Opens in London



Jan. 22-Sept., 1863
Europe

Russia Crushes Polish Rebellion



Feb. 25, 1863-June 3, 1864
North America

Congress Passes the National Bank Acts



Mar. 3, 1863
North America

Union Enacts the First National Draft Law



May 15, 1863
Europe

Paris’s Salon des Refusés Opens



May 23, 1863
Europe
Ferdinand Lassalle Organizes Europe’s First Socialist Workers’ Party, the Social Democratic Labor Party, in Germany


May 31, 1863
Europe
First Running of the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe Horse Race


July 1-Nov. 25, 1863
North America

Battles of Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga



Aug., 1863-Sept., 1866
North America

Long Walk of the Navajos



Dec. 8, 1863-Apr. 24, 1877
North America

Reconstruction of the South



1864
North America
Archduke Maximilian of France Becomes Emperor of Mexico


1864
Europe

Hill Launches Housing Reform in London



1864
Europe
James Clerk Maxwell Discovers Microwaves


1864
Europe
John Wisden Publishes the First Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack



1864
Europe
Russia Annexes Abkhazia and Circassia


1864
North America
U.S. Congress Passes an Immigration Act Legalizing Contract Labor and Encouraging Immigration as a Means of Developing the Economy


1864-1876
Europe
International Workingman’s Association Promotes Marxism


Jan. 21-June 21, 1864
Pacific Islands
British Troops Regain Control of Tauranga Harbor (Second Maori War)


Feb. 1-Oct. 30, 1864
Europe

Danish-Prussian War



Mar. 14, 1864
Africa
Samuel Baker Reaches and Names Lake Albert


Apr., 1864-Feb., 1866
South America
Chincha Islands War


Apr. 22, 1864
North America

“In God We Trust” Appears on U.S. Coins



June 15, 1864
North America
Arlington National Cemetery Is Established


Aug. 22, 1864
Europe

International Red Cross Is Launched



Sept. 1-Oct. 27, 1864
North America
Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences Lay a Foundation for Canadian Confederation


Sept. 28, 1864
Europe

First International Is Founded



Oct. 12, 1864-Mar. 1, 1870
South America
War of the Triple Alliance


Nov. 15, 1864-Apr. 18, 1865
North America

Sherman Marches Through Georgia and the Carolinas



Nov. 29, 1864
North America

Sand Creek Massacre



Dec. 8, 1864
Europe

Pius IX Issues the Syllabus of Errors



1865
Africa
Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs Becomes First European to Cross Africa from the Mediterranean to the Gulf of Guinea


1865
World
International Telegraphic Union Is Founded to Supervise International Communications


1865
Europe

Mendel Proposes Laws of Heredity



c. 1865
Europe

Naturalist Movement Begins



1865-1868
Africa

Basuto War



1865-1869
Europe
Leo Tolstoy Publishes War and Peace



1865-1870
East Asia
Persecution of Christians in Korea


Jan., 1865-Apr., 1866
Central Asia
Nain Singh Travels Across Tibet and Surveys Monasteries


Mar. 3, 1865
North America

Congress Creates the Freedmen’s Bureau



Apr. 9 and 14, 1865
North America

Surrender at Appomattox and Assassination of Lincoln



Apr. 15, 1865-Mar. 3, 1869
North America
U.S. Presidency of Andrew Johnson


Apr. 27, 1865
North America
Explosion of the Steamboat Sultana Kills Seventeen Hundred


May 1, 1865-June 20, 1870
South America

Paraguayan War



June 23, 1865
North America

Watie Is Last Confederate General to Surrender



July, 1865
Europe

Booth Establishes the Salvation Army



July 14, 1865
Europe
Edward Whymper Becomes the First Climber to Scale the Matterhorn


July 27, 1865
South America
Welsh Settlers Arrive in the Chubut Valley, Argentina


Sept. 26, 1865
North America

Vassar College Opens



Oct. 7-12, 1865
Caribbean/West Indies

Morant Bay Rebellion



Nov. 24, 1865
North America

Mississippi Enacts First Post-Civil War Black Code



Dec. 6, 1865
North America

Thirteenth Amendment Is Ratified



1866
North America

Birth of the Ku Klux Klan



1866
North America
Young Women’s Christian Association Forms in Boston


1866-1867
Europe

North German Confederation Is Formed



Feb. 25, 1866-1901
North America
Calaveras Skull Hoax


Apr. 9, 1866
North America

Civil Rights Act of 1866



Apr. 10, 1866
North America
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Is Founded


May and July, 1866
North America

Memphis and New Orleans Race Riots



May 2, 1866
South America
Peru Holds Off the Spanish Fleet at the Battle of Callao (Chincha Islands War)


May 10, 1866
North America

Suffragists Protest the Fourteenth Amendment



June, 1866-1871
Europe

Fenian Risings for Irish Independence



June 1, 1866
North America
American Fenians Capture Fort Erie


June 13, 1866-Nov. 6, 1868
North America

Red Cloud’s War



June 15, 1866-June 29, 1868
Southeast Asia
Mekong River Expedition


June 15-Aug. 23, 1866
Europe

Austria and Prussia’s Seven Weeks’ War



July 3, 1866
Europe

Battle of Könniggrätz



July 27, 1866
North America

First Transatlantic Cable Is Completed



Dec. 21, 1866
North America

Fetterman Massacre



1867
North America

Chisholm Trail Opens



1867
Africa
Diamonds Are Discovered at Kimberley


1867
North America
Dorothea Dix Investigates Jails, Poorhouses, and Mental Hospitals


1867
Europe
The Football Association Founded in England


1867
Europe

Lister Publishes His Theory on Antiseptic Surgery



1867
Europe
Marketing of Paperback Series Begins with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust



1867
Europe

Marx Publishes Das Kapital




1867
Europe
World’s Fair in Paris Introduces Japanese Art to the West


Jan. 1, 1867
North America
John Augustus Roebling Engineers the Longest Suspension Bridge in the World, Linking Covington, Kentucky, with Cincinnati, Ohio


Jan. 30, 1867-July 30, 1912
East Asia
Reign of Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) of Japan


Mar. 2, 1867
North America

U.S. Department of Education Is Created



Mar. 30, 1867
North America

Russia Sells Alaska to the United States



Apr. 1, 1867
Southeast Asia
Strait Settlement of Singapore Is Made a British Crown Colony


May 29, 1867
Europe

Austrian Ausgleich



July 1, 1867
North America

British North America Act



Aug., 1867
Europe

British Parliament Passes the Reform Act of 1867



Sept., 1867
Europe
The Fenian Rising Is Thwarted by British


Oct., 1867
Europe

Nobel Patents Dynamite



Oct. 21, 1867
North America

Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty



Dec. 4, 1867
North America

National Grange Is Formed



1868
Europe

Bakunin Founds the Social Democratic Alliance



1868
Australia

Last Convicts Land in Western Australia



1868
North America
The British Case of Regina v. Hicklin Establishes the “Hicklin Rule” for Identifying Obscenity


1868-1910
Southeast Asia
Reign of King Rama V in Thailand


Jan. 3, 1868
East Asia

Japan’s Meiji Restoration



Feb. 24-May 26, 1868
North America

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson



Feb. 27, 1868-Apr. 19, 1881
Europe
Disraeli Leads the British Conservative Party


Mar., 1868
Europe

Lartet Discovers the First Cro-Magnon Remains



Apr., 1868
Africa

British Expedition to Ethiopia



Apr. 6, 1868
East Asia

Promulgation of Japan’s Charter Oath



June 2, 1868
Europe

Great Britain’s First Trades Union Congress Forms



June 23, 1868
North America

Sholes Patents a Practical Typewriter



July 9, 1868
North America

Fourteenth Amendment Is Ratified



July 28, 1868
North America

Burlingame Treaty



Aug. 16, 1868
South America
Tsunami in Chile Kills Seventy Thousand


Sept. 23, 1868
Caribbean/West Indies
Puerto Rican Rebels Declare Independence from Spain


Sept. 30, 1868
Europe

Spanish Revolution of 1868



Oct. 10, 1868-Feb. 10, 1878
Caribbean/West Indies

Cuba’s Ten Years’ War



Nov. 27, 1868
North America

Washita River Massacre



Dec. 3, 1868-Feb. 20, 1874
Europe

Gladstone Becomes Prime Minister of Britain



1869
North America

Baseball’s First Professional Club Forms



1869
Africa
Basutoland Is Made a British Protectorate


1869
Europe

First Modern Department Store Opens in Paris



c. 1869
Europe

Golden Age of Flamenco Begins



1869-1871
Europe

Mendeleyev Develops the Periodic Table of Elements



1869-1874
Africa
Gustav Nachtigal Explores the Central Saharan Region and Darfur


Mar. 4, 1869-Mar. 3, 1877
North America
U.S. Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant


Apr., 1869
North America

Westinghouse Patents His Air Brake



Apr. 8, 1869
North America
American Museum of Natural History Opens in New York City


May, 1869
North America

Woman Suffrage Associations Begin Forming



May 10, 1869
North America

First Transcontinental Railroad Is Completed



May 29, 1869
Europe
British Parliament Ends Public Hanging


July 4, 1869
Europe
University of Bucharest Founded in Romania


Aug. 9, 1869
Europe
Social Democratic Workers’ Party Is Founded in Germany


Sept. 24, 1869-1877
North America

Scandals Rock the Grant Administration



Oct. 11, 1869-July 15, 1870
North America

First Riel Rebellion



Nov. 3, 1869-Feb. 13, 1861
Europe
Combined Forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Piedmont Capture the Final Neapolitan Stronghold in the Siege of Gaeta


Nov. 4, 1869
Europe
The Scientific Journal Nature Begins Publication


Nov. 17, 1869
Africa

Suez Canal Opens



Dec., 1869
North America

Wyoming Gives Women the Vote



Dec. 8, 1869-Oct. 20, 1870
Europe

Vatican I Decrees Papal Infallibility Dogma



1870’s
Europe

Aesthetic Movement Arises



1870’s
East Asia

Japan Expands into Korea



1870-1871
Europe
The French Use Observation Balloons During the Franco-Prussian War


1870-1871
North America

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society Is Founded



1870-1888
South America
Period of Influence of Antonio Guzmán Blanco in Venezuela


Jan. 10, 1870
North America

Standard Oil Company Is Incorporated



Apr., 1870-1873
Europe

Schliemann Excavates Ancient Troy



May 12, 1870
North America
Province of Manitoba Is Created


July 19, 1870-Jan. 28, 1871
Europe

Franco-Prussian War



Sept. 1, 1870
Europe

Battle of Sedan



Sept. 20, 1870
Europe
Italian Troops End the Temporal Power of the Pope


Sept. 20, 1870-Jan. 28, 1871
Europe

Prussian Army Besieges Paris



Oct. 8, 1870
Europe
French Minister Léon Gambetta Escapes Paris in a Balloon


1871
Europe

Darwin Publishes The Descent of Man




1871
Europe
Eugène Pottier Writes the Socialist Anthem “The International”


1871
Europe
London Conference Redefines Russian Rights in the Black Sea


1871
Europe
Rome Becomes the Capital of Italy


1871
Europe
The Rugby Football Union Is Founded in England


1871-1876
North America

Díaz Drives Mexico into Civil War



1871-1877
Europe


Kulturkampf Against the Catholic Church in Germany




c. 1871-1883
North America

Great American Buffalo Slaughter



1871-1885
Central Asia

Przhevalsky Explores Central Asia



1871-1890
Central America
Henry Meiggs and Minor Keith Build a Railroad in Costa Rica


Jan. 18, 1871
Europe

German States Unite Within German Empire



Feb. 13, 1871-1875
Europe

Third French Republic Is Established



Mar. 3, 1871
North America

Grant Signs Indian Appropriation Act



Mar. 18-May 28, 1871
Europe

Paris Commune



Mar. 29, 1871
Europe
Royal Albert Hall Opens in London


Apr. 10, 1871
North America

Barnum Creates the First Modern American Circus



May 8, 1871
North America

Treaty of Washington Settles U.S. Claims vs. Britain



July 20, 1871
North America
British Columbia Joins the Canadian Confederation


Oct., 1871
Africa
Henry Morton Stanley Finds David Livingstone at Ujiji


Oct. 8-10, 1871
North America

Great Chicago Fire



1872
Africa
Britain Grants Self-Government to Cape Colony


1872
North America

Dominion Lands Act Fosters Canadian Settlement



1872
East Asia
Opening of the First Japanese Railway


1872
North America
Victoria Woodhull Runs for President of the United States on the Equal Rights Party Ticket


1872-Feb. 27, 1876
Europe
Third Carlist War


Jan. 9, 1872
South America
Paraguay Grants Brazil Free Navigation of the Rio Paraguay


Feb. 20, 1872
North America

Metropolitan Museum of Art Opens



Mar. 1, 1872
North America

Yellowstone Becomes the First U.S. National Park



Aug., 1872
North America

Ward Launches a Mail-Order Business



Sept. 1, 1872
North America
Mayan Attack on Orange Walk, British Honduras


Nov. 7-Dec. 4, 1872
Europe
Mystery of the Abandoned Ship Mary Celeste



1873
North America
Canada’s Conservative Government Is Rocked by the Pacific Scandal


1873
Australia
Ernest Giles Traverses Australia’s Gibson Desert


1873
Europe
Founding of the International Meteorological Organization


1873
Australia
Peter Warburton Crosses the Great Sandy Desert of Australia


1873
North America

Ukrainian Mennonites Begin Settling in Canada



1873-1875
Africa
Verney Lovett Cameron Becomes the First European to Complete an East-West Crossing of Equatorial Africa


1873-1880
Africa

Exploration of Africa’s Congo Basin



1873-1897
Africa

Zanzibar Outlaws Slavery



1873-1916
South America
The Dutch Begin to Import Hindu Laborers to Suriname from India


Jan. 22, 1873-Feb. 13, 1874
Africa

Second British-Ashanti War



Feb. 12, 1873
North America

“Crime of 1873”



Mar. 3, 1873
North America

Congress Passes the Comstock Antiobscenity Law



May, 1873
Africa
Death of David Livingstone at Lake Bangweulu


May, 1873-Apr. 2, 1885
Central America
Justo Rufino Barrios Attempts Liberal Reforms in Guatemala


May 6-Oct. 22, 1873
Europe

Three Emperors’ League Is Formed



May 23, 1873
North America

Canada Forms the North-West Mounted Police



June 17-18, 1873
North America

Anthony Is Tried for Voting



Nov. 5, 1873-Oct. 9, 1878
North America

Canada’s Mackenzie Era



1874
Europe
Denmark Grants Home Rule to Iceland


1874
World
Founding of the Universal Postal Union


1874
Europe
Lawn Tennis Is Invented in England


1874
Africa
The Mande State Is Established Under Samory Touré


1874-Aug., 1877
Africa
Henry Morton Stanley Traverses Africa, Completing the First Descent of the Congo River


1874-1879
Europe
Bed{rcaron}ich Smetana, Father of Czech National Music, Composes the Cycle of Symponic Poems Má vlast (My Fatherland)


1874-1897
Arctic
Multinational Expeditions Explore Franz Josef Land


Apr. 15, 1874
Europe

First Impressionist Exhibition



May 20, 1874
North America
Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis Patent Blue Denim Pants with Copper Rivets


June 27, 1874-June 2, 1875
North America

Red River War



Oct. 19, 1874
Europe
University of Zagreb Is Founded


Nov. 24, 1874
North America

Glidden Patents Barbed Wire



1875
Africa
Britain Acquires a Ruling Interest in the Suez Canal


Late 1870’s
Europe

Post-Impressionist Movement Begins



1875
North America

Supreme Court of Canada Is Established



1875-1877
Europe
Leo Tolstoy Publishes Anna Karenina



Mar. 1, 1875
North America
U.S. Congress Enacts a Civil Rights Act Banning Discrimination in Public Facilities


Mar. 3, 1875
Europe

Bizet’s Carmen Premieres in Paris



Mar. 3, 1875
North America

Congress Enacts the Page Law



Mar. 9, 1875
North America


Minor v. Happersett




May 17, 1875
North America
Running of the First Kentucky Derby


Sept., 1875
North America

Theosophical Society Is Founded



Oct. 30, 1875
North America

Eddy Establishes the Christian Science Movement



1876
North America

Canada’s Indian Act



1876
East Asia
Japan Pressures Korea to Open Ports to Trade


1876
Europe
Britain’s Royal Titles Act Makes Queen Victoria Empress of India


1876
Europe

Spanish Constitution of 1876



1876-1877
North America

Sioux War



1876-1878
Africa
Charles Doughty Lives Two Years Among the Arabian Bedouin


1876-1878
South Asia
Famine Leaves More than 5 Million Dead in India


Feb. 2, 1876
North America
National Baseball League Is Formed


Feb. 3, 1876
South America
Agreement to Settle the Border Between Argentina and Paraguay


May, 1876
Europe

Bulgarian Revolt Against the Ottoman Empire



May, 1876
Europe
Meeting of Verney Lovett Cameron and King Leopold II of Belgium


May, 1876
Europe

Otto Invents a Practical Internal Combustion Engine



May 10-Nov. 10, 1876
North America

Philadelphia Hosts the Centennial Exposition



June 25, 1876
North America

Battle of the Little Bighorn



June 25, 1876
North America

Bell Demonstrates the Telephone



July 1, 1876
North America
Intercolonial Railway Links Central Canada with the Maritimes


July 4, 1876
North America

Declaration of the Rights of Women



July 8, 1876
Europe
Agreement Between Austria-Hungary and Russia on the Partition of the Balkan Peninsula


Aug. 13-17, 1876
Europe

First Performance of Wagner’s Ring Cycle



Aug. 31, 1876-Apr. 27, 1909
Europe
Reign of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire


Sept. 7, 1876
North America
The James-Younger Gang Is Decimated in a Bank Robbery Attempt


Oct. 4-6, 1876
North America

American Library Association Is Founded



Oct. 31, 1876
South Asia
A Cyclone Strikes India, Killing 200,000


Nov. 29, 1876-Nov. 30, 1880, Dec. 1, 1884-1910
North America
Porfirio Díaz Serves as President of Mexico


1877
North America

Ex Parte Jackson Enables Congress to Prohibit Information About Lotteries from the U.S. Mail



1877
Europe

The Fishing Gazette Is First Published in England



Jan.-Sept. 24, 1877
East Asia

Former Samurai Rise in Satsuma Rebellion



Mar. 5, 1877
North America

Hayes Becomes President



Apr. 24, 1877-Jan. 31, 1878
Europe

Third Russo-Turkish War



June 15-Oct. 5, 1877
North America

Nez Perce War



July 9, 1877
Europe
First Wimbledon Tennis Tournament Is Held


July 20, 1877
North America
Baltimore and Ohio Railway Riots Leave Nine Dead


Sept. 10-Dec. 17, 1877
North America

Texas’s Salinero Revolt



Dec. 24, 1877
North America

Edison Patents the Cylinder Phonograph



1878
Europe
Austria Gains Control of Bosnia


1878
Europe
James Whistler Sues John Ruskin for Libel


1878
North America

Muybridge Photographs a Galloping Horse



1878-1879
South Asia
Second Afghan War


1878-1899
Europe

Irving Manages London’s Lyceum Theatre



Feb. 18, 1878
North America
Ranchers and Entrepreneurs in New Mexico Clash in the Lincoln County War


Feb. 20, 1878-July 20, 1903
Europe
Pontificate of Pope Leo XIII


Mar. 3, 1878
Europe
Treaty of San Stefano Recognizes the Independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania from the Ottoman Empire


May 28, 1878
Europe
W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan’s Comic Opera H.M.S. Pinafore: Or, The Lass That Loved a Sailor Premiers in London


June 13-July 13, 1878
Europe

Congress of Berlin



Sept., 1878
North America

Macdonald Returns as Canada’s Prime Minister



Oct. 19, 1878
Europe

Germany Passes Anti-Socialist Law



Nov. 21, 1878-1881
South Asia
Second Afghan War


1879
Arctic
Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskjöld Locates the Northeast Passage


1879
Europe


A Doll’s House Introduces Modern Realistic Drama




1879
North America

Powell Publishes His Report on the American West



Jan. 22-23, 1879
Africa

Battles of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift



Jan. 22-Aug., 1879
Africa

Zulu War



Mar. 3, 1879
North America
U.S. Geological Survey Is Instituted


Mar. 12, 1879
North America
John A. Macdonald Introduces His National Policy for Canada


Apr. 5, 1879-Oct. 20, 1883
South America

War of the Pacific



Oct. 7, 1879
Europe
Dual Alliance Signed Between Germany and Austria-Hungary


Oct. 8, 1879
South America
Chilean Victory at the Battle of Angamos Enables Ground Forces to Invade Peru and Bolivia (War of the Pacific)


Oct. 21, 1879
North America

Edison Demonstrates the Incandescent Lamp



Dec. 30, 1879
Europe
W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan’s Comic Opera The Pirates of Penzance: Or, The Slave of Duty Premiers


1880’s
North America

Brahmin School of American Literature Flourishes



1880’s
Central America
The Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique Attempts to Build a Canal Across the Isthmus of Panama


1880’s
Europe

Roux Develops the Theory of Mitosis



1880’s-1890’s
North America

Rise of Yellow Journalism



1880
North America
Mary H. Myers Becomes First American Woman to Pilot Her Own Balloon


1880
Europe
The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act Establishes Greenwich Mean Time as the British Standard


June 29, 1880
Pacific Islands
France Annexes Tahiti


July, 1880-Jan.. 1881
South America
The Submarine Toro Is Used in War of the Pacific


July 7, 1880
South America
A Heroic Charge Leads to Chilean Victory in the Battle of Arica (War of the Pacific)


Sept.-Nov., 1880
Europe

Irish Tenant Farmers Stage First “Boycott”



Sept. 5, 1880
Europe
An Electric Tram Is Successfully Tested in St. Petersburg, Russia


Oct., 1880
South America
The United States Unsuccessfully Attempts to Negotiate a Diplomatic End to the War of the Pacific


Oct. 15, 1880
North America
Apache Leader Victorio Is Killed by the Mexican Army


Dec. 16, 1880-Mar. 6, 1881
Africa

First Boer War



Dec. 30, 1880
Africa
The Transvaal Becomes a Republic


1881
South America
Argentina and Chile Agree on Chilean Sovereignty over the Straits of Magellan


1881-1884
North America
Nineteenth Century Immigration to the United States Peaks, Averaging 620,000 Per Year


1881-1889
Europe

Bismarck Introduces Social Security Programs in Germany



Jan. 16-24, 1881
Central Asia
Russians Conquer the Turcoman Stronghold at Geok-Tepe


Mar. 4, 1881-Sept. 19, 1881
North America
U.S. Presidency of James Garfield


Mar. 13, 1881-Nov. 1, 1894
Europe
Reign of Czar Alexander III of Russia


May 12, 1881
Africa
France Makes Tunisia a Protectorate


May 21, 1881
North America
Clara Barton Founds the American Red Cross


July, 1881-1883
Europe

Stevenson Publishes Treasure Island




Sept. 19, 1881-Mar. 3, 1885
North America
U.S. Presidency of Chester A. Arthur


Oct. 10, 1881
Europe

London’s Savoy Theatre Opens



Oct. 26, 1881
North America
The Earp Brothers and Doc Holliday Confront and Kill Three Outlaws in a Gunfight at the O.K. Corral


1882
Europe

First Birth Control Clinic Opens in Amsterdam



1882
Europe
Founding of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra


1882-1884
North America
Nineteenth Century Immigration Peaks in Canada, Averaging More than 116,000 Per Year


1882-1900
Europe
Nikola Tesla Develops the Rotating Magnetic Field Principle, Helping Improve Alternating Current Motors


1882-1901
Europe

Metchnikoff Advances the Cellular Theory of Immunity



Jan. 2, 1882
North America

Standard Oil Trust Is Organized



Mar. 22, 1882
North America
Polygamy Is Outlawed in the United States


Mar. 24, 1882
Europe

Koch Announces His Discovery of the Tuberculosis Bacillus



Apr., 1882-1885
Southeast Asia

French Indochina War



Apr. 3, 1882
North America
Outlaw Jesse James Is Shot to Death


May 2, 1882
Europe

Kilmainham Treaty Makes Concessions to Irish Nationalists



May 9, 1882
North America

Arthur Signs the Chinese Exclusion Act



May 20, 1882
Europe

Triple Alliance Is Formed



June 6, 1882
South Asia
Cyclone in the Arabian Sea Leaves 100,000 Dead in India


July 11, 1882
Africa
Bombardment of Alexandria by the British Fleet


July 23, 1882-Jan. 9, 1885
East Asia

Korean Military Mutinies Against Japanese Rule



Aug. 20, 1882
Europe
Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture Debuts in Moscow


Sept. 13, 1882
Africa

Battle of Tel el Kebir



Nov. 12, 1882
North America

San Francisco’s Chinese Six Companies Association Forms



1883
Europe

Galton Defines “Eugenics”



1883-1885
North America

World’s First Skyscraper Is Built



Jan. 16, 1883
North America

Pendleton Act Reforms the Federal Civil Service



Feb.-Apr., 1883
Africa
Germany Establishes Itself in Southwest Africa at Angra Pequena (Lüderitz)


May 24, 1883
North America

Brooklyn Bridge Opens



Aug. 12, 1883
Europe
Death of the Last Quagga


Aug. 27, 1883
Southeast Asia

Krakatoa Volcano Erupts



Oct. 4, 1883
Europe
The Orient Express Train Departs Paris on Its Inaugural Run


Oct. 15, 1883
North America

Civil Rights Cases



Oct. 22, 1883
North America

Metropolitan Opera House Opens in New York



Nov. 3, 1883
Europe

Gaudí Begins Barcelona’s Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Família



1884
Europe
Horatio Phillips Invents the Airfoil


1884
Europe

Maxim Patents His Machine Gun



1884
Europe

New Guilds Promote the Arts and Crafts Movement



c. 1884-1924
Europe

Decadent Movement Flourishes



Jan., 1884
Europe

Fabian Society Is Founded



Jan. 25, 1884
South Asia

Indian Legislative Council Enacts the Ilbert Bill



Mar. 13, 1884-Jan. 26, 1885
Africa

Siege of Khartoum



June 21, 1884
Africa

Gold Is Discovered in the Transvaal



July 5, 1884
Africa
Germany Annexes Cameroon in West Africa


Oct., 1884
World
International Meridian Conference Creates Twenty-Four Time Zones Worldwide


Nov. 4, 1884
North America

U.S. Election of 1884



Nov. 15, 1884-Feb. 26, 1885
Europe

Berlin Conference Lays Groundwork for the Partition of Africa



Dec., 1884-Feb., 1885
North America

Twain Publishes Adventures of Huckleberry Finn




Dec. 6, 1884
Europe

British Parliament Passes the Franchise Act of 1884



1885
South Asia

Indian National Congress Is Founded



1885-1886
Southeast Asia
Third Burmese War


Jan. 20, 1885
North America
L. A. Thompson Patents the Roller Coaster


Feb. 9, 1885
Pacific Islands
Japanese Workers Begin Arriving in the Hawaiian Islands


Mar., 1885
Central Asia
Panjdeh Crisis in Afghanistan Nearly Leads to War Between Britain and Russia


Mar. 4, 1885-Mar. 3, 1889; Mar. 4, 1893-Mar. 3, 1897
North America
U.S. Presidency of Grover Cleveland


Mar. 19, 1885
North America

Second Riel Rebellion Begins



Mar. 31, 1885
Africa
British Establish a Protectorate over Bechuanaland (Botswana)


Sept. 2, 1885
North America
Rock Springs Massacre Leaves Twenty-Eight Chinese Dead


Sept. 6, 1885
Europe
Unification of Bulgaria


1886
Southeast Asia
Britain Annexes Burma


1886
Europe

Rise of the Symbolist Movement



Jan., 1886-1889
Europe

French Right Wing Revives During Boulanger Crisis



Jan. 29, 1886
Europe

Benz Patents the First Practical Automobile



May 4, 1886
North America
Haymarket Riot Leaves Eleven Dead in Chicago, Illinois


May 8, 1886
North America

Pemberton Introduces Coca-Cola



June, 1886-Sept. 9, 1893
Europe

Irish Home Rule Debate Dominates British Politics



Oct. 7, 1886
Caribbean/West Indies
Spain Abolishes Slavery in Cuba


Oct. 28, 1886
North America

Statue of Liberty Is Dedicated



Dec. 8, 1886
North America

American Federation of Labor Is Founded



1887
Europe
Halford Mackinder, Future Author of the Theory of Eurasia as the Center of Geopolitical Power, Is Appointed a Reader in Geography at Oxford University


1887
East Asia
Japan Annexes Iwo Jima


1887
Europe
Ottomar Anschütz Demonstrates His Electrotachyscope


1887
North America
Samuel Pierpont Langley Constructs a Manned Flying Apparatus


1887
East Asia
Yellow River Floods in China Leave More than 900,000 Dead


Feb. 2, 1887
North American
First Groundhog Day Is Observed in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania


Feb. 4, 1887
North America

Interstate Commerce Act



Feb. 5, 1887
Europe
Giuseppe Verdi’s Opera Otello Premiers at La Scala in Milan


Feb. 8, 1887
North America

General Allotment Act Erodes Indian Tribal Unity



Mar., 1887-Dec., 1889
Africa
The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, to Assist British Equatoria Against a Mahdist Threat, Is the Century’s Last Major European Expedition into the African Interior


Mar. 3, 1887
North America
Anne Sullivan Begins to Teach Helen Keller


Mar. 13, 1887
North America

American Protective Association Is Formed



May, 1887
North America

Goodwin Develops Celluloid Film



May 9, 1887
Europe
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show Plays in London


Oct. 1, 1887
South Asia
Britain Annexes Baluchistan


Dec., 1887
Europe

Conan Doyle Introduces Sherlock Holmes



1888
Southeast Asia
Brunei Becomes a Protectorate of Great Britain


1888
North America
George Eastman Markets the First Kodak Camera


1888
Europe

Rodin Exhibits The Thinker




1888-1906
Europe

Ramón y Cajal Shows How Neurons Work in the Nervous System



Mar., 1888
Africa
Samuel Teleki Reaches and Names Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana)


Mar. 13, 1888
Africa

Rhodes Amalgamates Kimberley Diamond Fields



Apr. 11, 1888
Europe
Concertgebouw Opens in Amersterdam


June 15, 1888-Nov. 9, 1918
Europe
Reign of Kaiser William II of Germany


Aug.-Nov., 1888
Europe
Jack the Ripper Commits Serial Killings in London


Oct., 1888
Europe
Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince Shoots His Roundhay Garden Scene, Believed to Be The First Motion Picture


Dec. 7, 1888
Europe

Dunlop Patents the Pneumatic Tire



1889
Pacific Islands
Britain, the United States, and Germany Agree to Joint Supervision of the Samoan Islands


1889
North America
Eastman Kodak Begins to Manufacture Roll Film on Celluloid


1889
Europe

Great Britain Strengthens Its Royal Navy



1889-1916
Europe
The Second International Coordinates the Work of Socialist Parties and Organizations


Feb. 11, 1889
East Asia

Japan Adopts a New Constitution



Mar. 4, 1889-Mar. 3, 1893
North America
U.S. Presidency of Benjamin Harrison


Mar. 31, 1889
Europe

Eiffel Tower Is Dedicated



Apr. 22, 1889
North America
Fifty Thousand Settlers Join the Oklahoma Land Run


May 31, 1889
North America

Johnstown Flood



Aug. 14, 1889
Europe
The Great London Dock Strike Strengthens the Dockers’ Union


Sept. 18, 1889
North America

Addams Opens Chicago’s Hull-House



Oct., 1889-Apr., 1890
Western Hemisphere

First Pan-American Congress



Nov., 1889-Jan., 1894
Africa

Dahomey-French Wars



Nov. 14, 1889-Jan. 25, 1890
World
Muckraking Journalist Elizabeth Seaman (known as Nellie Bly) Travels Around the World in a Record Seventy-Two Days


1890’s
North America

Rise of Tin Pan Alley Music



1890
Europe
Germany Regains Helgoland from Britain


1890
Europe
Luxembourg Breaks with the Netherlands


1890
North America

Mississippi Constitution Disfranchises Black Voters



1890
North America

U.S. Census Bureau Announces Closing of the Frontier



Jan. 5, 1890
North America
United Mine Workers of America Is Founded


Feb. 17-18, 1890
North America

Women’s Rights Associations Unite



Mar. 4, 1890
Europe
Cantilevered Railway Bridge Is Completed Across Scotland’s Firth of Forth


July 10, 1890
North America
Wyoming Enters the Union as the First State with Full Female Suffrage


July 20, 1890
North America

Harrison Signs the Sherman Antitrust Act



Dec. 11, 1890
Europe

Behring Discovers the Diphtheria Antitoxin



Dec. 29, 1890
North America

Wounded Knee Massacre



1891
North America
Thomas Edison Applies for a Patent on the Kinetoscope


1891
Pacific Islands
French Painter Paul Gauguin Settles in Tahiti


1891
North America

Naismith Invents Basketball



1891
Europe
Otto Lilienthal Develops and Popularizes the Hang Glider


1891
Africa
Portugal Agrees to British Control of Rhodesia


1891-1904
Europe/East Asia
Building of the Trans-Siberian Railway


Jan. 6-Aug. 28, 1891
South America
Chilean Civil War


Mar. 11, 1891
North America

Strowger Patents Automatic Dial Telephone System



May 5, 1891
North America
Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Conducts the Opening Performance at the Music Hall (Later Carnegie Hall) in New York City


May 15, 1891
Europe

Papal Encyclical on Labor



Aug. 28, 1891
South America
Battle of La Placilla Is a Turning Point in the Chilean Civil War


1892
North America

America’s “New” Immigration Era Begins



1892
North America
Gasoline Tractor Is First Used for Farming


1892
North America
Stanley Cup Is Donated as a Hockey Trophy


1892-1895
Europe

Toulouse-Lautrec Paints At the Moulin Rouge




Jan. 1, 1892
North America

Ellis Island Immigration Depot Opens



Feb., 1892
Europe

Diesel Patents the Diesel Engine



May 4, 1892
North America

Anti-Japanese Yellow Peril Campaign Begins



May 28, 1892
North America
John Muir Establishes the Sierra Club


July 4-5, 1892
North America

Birth of the People’s Party



July 6, 1892
North America
Pinkerton Detectives Put Down the Homestead Strike, Leaving Ten Dead


Aug. 3, 1892
Europe

Hardie Becomes Parliament’s First Labour Member



1893
South Asia
Indian Football Association Is Founded


1893
Europe

Munch Paints The Scream




1893-1896
Arctic

Nansen Attempts to Reach the North Pole



Jan. 17, 1893
Pacific Islands
U.S. Marines Assist in Overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani


May 1-Oct. 30, 1893
North America

Chicago World’s Fair



Sept. 19, 1893
Pacific Islands

New Zealand Women Win Voting Rights



Oct., 1893-Oct., 1897
Africa

British Subdue African Resistance in Rhodesia



Oct. 27, 1893
North America

National Council of Women of Canada Is Founded



1894
Africa
France Establishes a Protectorate in Dahomey


1894
Europe
Paul Vidal de La Blache Publishes Atlas général Vidal-Lablache: Histoire et géographie



1894-1895
North America

Kellogg’s Corn Flakes Launch the Dry Cereal Industry



1894-1896
Europe

Ottomans Attempt to Exterminate Armenians



Jan. 4, 1894
Europe

Franco-Russian Alliance



May 11-July 11, 1894
North America

Pullman Strike



July 8, 1894-Jan. 1, 1896
East Asia

Kabo Reforms Begin Modernization of Korean Government



Aug., 1894-June, 1897
Europe
Ottomans Massacre Armenians


Aug. 1, 1894-Apr. 17, 1895
East Asia

Sino-Japanese War



Oct., 1894-July, 1906
Europe

Dreyfus Affair



Nov. 1, 1894-Mar. 2, 1917
Europe
Reign of Czar Nicholas II of Russia


Dec. 22, 1894
Europe

Debussy’s Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Premieres



1895
South America
Liberal Revolution in Ecuador


1895
South America
Non-Native Population of Argentina Exceeds Twenty-Five Percent


1895
World
Sixth International Geophysical Conference Encourages Antarctic Exploration


1895-1898
North America

Hearst-Pulitzer Circulation War



Jan. 24, 1895
Pacific Islands

Hawaii’s Last Monarch Abdicates



Jan. 27, 1895
Europe

Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake Is Staged in St. Petersburg



Feb. 24, 1895-1898
Caribbean/West Indies

Cuban War of Independence



Apr. 6, 1895-May 25, 1895
Europe
Oscar Wilde Is Arrested and Convicted of Gross Indecency


Apr. 17, 1895
East Asia
Treaty of Shimonoseki Ends the Sino-Japanese War


May 10, 1895
North America

Chinese Californians Form Native Sons of the Golden State



June 20, 1895
Europe

Germany’s Kiel Canal Opens



Sept. 18, 1895
North America

Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech



Oct. 2, 1895
North America
Canada’s Yukon Territory Separate from the Northwest Territories


Nov. 9, 1895
Europe

Röntgen Discovers X Rays



Nov. 27, 1895
Europe

Nobel Bequeaths Funds for the Nobel Prizes



Dec. 28, 1895
North America

First Commercial Projection of Motion Pictures



Dec. 28, 1895
Europe
Lumière Brothers Open Le Cinématographe in Paris


Dec. 29, 1895-Jan. 2, 1896
Africa

Jameson Raid



1896
North America

Brooks Brothers Introduces Button-Down Shirts



1896
Europe
Charles and Émile Pathé Found the Pathé Frères, Producing and Distributing Motion Pictures Worldwide


1896
Africa
France Conquers Madagascar


1896
South Asia
Great Stone Pillar of A{sacute}oka Discovered at Lubini


1896
North America

Immigrant Farmers Begin Settling Western Canada



1896
Southeast Asia
Malay States Form a Federation Under British Influence


Feb., 1896-Aug., 1897
Europe

Herzl Founds the Zionist Movement



Feb. 11, 1896
Europe
Oscar Wilde’s Play Salomé Debuts in Paris


Mar., 1896-Nov., 1899
Africa

Sudanese War



Mar. 1, 1896
Africa

Ethiopia Repels Italian Invasion



Apr., 1896
Europe

The Soldier’s Courtship, Britain’s First Story Film, Is Released



Apr. 6, 1896
Europe

Modern Olympic Games Are Inaugurated



May 1, 1896
Middle East
Assassination of Shah N{amacr}sir al-Din of Persia


May 6, 1896
North America
Samuel Pierpont Langley Makes the First Successful Unmanned Heavier-than-Air Flight


May 18, 1896
North America


Plessy v. Ferguson




June, 1896
Europe

Marconi Patents the Wireless Telegraph



June 9, 1896
East Asia
Lobanov-Yamagata Agreement on Russo-Japanese Cooperation in Korea


July 11, 1896
North America

Laurier Becomes the First French Canadian Prime Minister



Aug. 17, 1896
North America

Klondike Gold Rush Begins



Nov. 3, 1896
North America

McKinley Is Elected President



Nov. 16, 1896
North America

First U.S. Hydroelectric Plant Opens at Niagara Falls



Dec. 30, 1896
Southeast Asia
Poet José Rizal Is Executed in the Philippines for Rebellion


1897
Europe

Ellis Publishes Sexual Inversion




1897
Europe
Friedrich Ratzel Publishes Politische Geographie



1897
Africa
Slavery Is Banned in Zanzibar


1897-1901
North America

Abel and Takamine Isolate Adrenaline



Jan. 21-May 20, 1897
Europe

Greco-Turkish War



Jan. 23, 1897
Europe

“Aspirin” Is Registered as a Trade Name



Mar. 4, 1897-Sept. 14, 1901
North America
U.S. Presidency of William McKinley


July, 1897-July, 1904
Europe

Bjerknes Founds Scientific Weather Forecasting



July 24, 1897
North America

Congress Passes Dingley Tariff Act



Aug. 20, 1897
Europe

Ross Establishes Malaria’s Transmission Vector



Nov. 1, 1897
North America

New Library of Congress Building Opens



Nov. 14, 1897
East Asia

Scramble for Chinese Concessions Begins



1898
Europe

Beijerinck Discovers Viruses



1898
Caribbean/West Indies
Cameramen Film War in Cuba


1898
North America
Doukhobors Begin to Settle in Saskatchewan


1898
Europe
George Albert Smith Uses Double Exposure for Special Effects in the Film Cinderella and the Fairy Godmother



Jan. 13, 1898
Europe
Émile Zola Publishes “J’accuse,” His Protest of the Anti-Semitic Conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus for Treason, in the Parisian Newspaper L’Aurore



Mar., 1898
Europe

Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party Is Formed



Mar. 28, 1898
North America


United States v. Wong Kim Ark




Apr., 1898-1903
Europe

Stratosphere and Troposphere Are Discovered



Apr. 24-Dec. 10, 1898
Caribbean/West Indies/Southeast Asia

Spanish-American War



June 11-Sept. 21, 1898
East Asia
Hundred Days Reform Movement


July 10-Nov. 3, 1898
Africa

Fashoda Incident Pits France vs. Britain



Oct. 14, 1898
Europe

Moscow Art Theater Is Founded



1899
Europe
Auguste Blaise Baron Perfects His System of Sound Cinema


1899
Africa
Britain and France Exchange African Territories


1899
Southeast Asia
France Establishes a Protectorate in Laos


1899
Europe

Hilbert Publishes The Foundations of Geometry




1899
North America

Joplin Popularizes Ragtime Music and Dance



1899
Central America/Caribbean
United Fruit Company Forms, Consolidating Holdings in Central America and the Caribbean


1899
Central America
Vaccaro Brothers Begin Importing Bananas from Honduras to New Orleans


1899-1900
Europe

Rediscovery of Mendel’s Hereditary Theory



1899-1902
Europe
Britain Uses Balloons and Kites for Observation During the Boer War


Feb. 4, 1899-July 4, 1902
Southeast Asia

Philippine Insurrection



May 18-July, 1899
Europe

First Hague Peace Conference



Sept. 6, 1899-July 3, 1900
East Asia

Hay Articulates “Open Door” Policy Toward China



Oct. 11, 1899-May 31, 1902
Africa

South African War



Oct. 13, 1899-May 17, 1900
Africa

Siege of Mafeking



Nov. 25, 1899
Middle East
Baghdad Railway Concession Is Granted to Germany


Winter, 1899-1900
Antarctica
An Expedition Led by Carsten Borchgrevink Is First to Winter in the Antarctic


1900
Europe

Freud Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams




1900
Europe

Lebesgue Develops New Integration Theory



1900
Europe
Léon Gaumont Demonstrates Synchronized Sound and Pictures


1900
North America
Railroad Engineer Octave Chanute Advises Orville and Wilbur Wright, Alexander Graham Bell, and Samuel Langley on Aviation Projects


1900
Europe

Wiechert Invents the Inverted Pendulum Seismograph



Jan. 14, 1900
Europe

Puccini’s Tosca Premieres in Rome



Feb., 1900
North America

Kodak Introduces Brownie Cameras



Feb. 27, 1900
Europe

British Labour Party Is Formed



Mar. 23, 1900
Europe

Evans Discovers Crete’s Minoan Civilization



May, 1900-Sept. 7, 1901
East Asia

Boxer Rebellion



June, 1900-1904
Central America

Suppression of Yellow Fever



July 2, 1900
Europe

Zeppelin Completes the First Flying Dirigible



Sept. 8, 1900
North America

Galveston Hurricane



Nov. 8, 1900
North America

Dreiser Publishes Sister Carrie




Dec. 14, 1900
Europe

Articulation of Quantum Theory



Dec. 14, 1900
Africa
Franco-Italian Agreement Establishes Division of Power in North Africa


Dec. 15, 1900
North America

General Electric Opens Research Laboratory



Dec. 23, 1900
North America
First Wireless Radio Broadcast