abolition, 78
abolitionism, 110, 373, 398–399, 434, 468–475, 595–596, 600–601; religion and, 373, 377–379; women’s movement and, 334
abolitionist literature, 431
Across the Plains in 1844 (Pringle), 174–181
“Address Delivered before the General Trades’ Union of the City of New York” (Moore), 270–277
Address on the Present Condition and Prospects of Aboriginal Inhabitants of North America (Pierce), 657
“Address to the First Women’s Rights Convention” (Stanton), 329–337
African Americans; attitudes toward, 463; newspapers, 374, 468–475, 595, 596, 600–601; religion, 378, 595
African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, 382
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 378
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 374, 595
Alamo, Battle of, 160
Allen, Richard, 382
American Anti-Slavery Society, 293, 374
American Colonization Society, 293, 374, 423
American Indians, 170, 634–642; attitudes toward, 463; California, 150–152; “civilization” initiative, 60; Lewis and Clark and, 140–142; Louisiana Territory, 131; Mexican Cession and, 190; sovereignty, 65–67; US policy, 41–48
American Party. See Know-Nothing Party
American Progress (painting), 169
Amistad, 601
Anthony, Susan B., 329
Antiburghers, 550
anti-Catholicism, 577–584
Apess, William, 634–642
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (Walker), 436
Appleton, Nathan, 283
Asing, Norman, 505–506
Auld, Thomas, 403–405
Austin, Stephen F., 155–156
Baird, Robert, 613–614
Ballou, Adin, 592
Bank of the United States, First, 18
Bank of the United States, Second, 13–21, 90
Baptists, 619
Barbé-Marbois, François, 126, 130
Beecher, Catharine, 289, 293–295
Beecher, Lyman, 262–263, 419
Bigler, John, 505
black churches. See African Americans:religion, African Methodist Episcopal Church
bodily exercises, 539, 540, 544–546
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 125
Boudinot, Elias, 651
Bowie, James, 160
Brannan, Sam, 215
Britain; relations with Ireland, 452
Bromwell, William J., 525
Brook Farm, 586–593, 604, 608–611
Brown, John, 350–358
Brownlee, W. C., 577
Brownstown, Battle of, 8
Buchanan, James, 89, 105
buffalo, 180
Buffum, Edward Gould, 219
Burke, Edmund, 259
California; gold rush, 193, 210–217, 506; history, 145–151, 203, 210–211, 215–216; Mexican, 150; Spanish, 150; statehood, 82, 84, 216
“California and Its Inhabitants” (Dana), 145–153
Calvinism, 567, 571
Campbell, Alexander, 550
Campbell, Thomas, 549–550
Cane Ridge revival, 539, 540, 546
capitalism, 207
Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism
Channing, William Ellery, 559–565, 586
Cherokee Nation, 44, 60–61, 65–67; petition to Congress, 654
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), 45, 60–68
Chicano movement, 208
Chickasaws, 44
“Chinese American Protest, A” (Asing), 505–511
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 217, 511
Chinese immigrants; racial attitudes, 199, 510
Choctaws, 44
Christian Association of Washington, 549, 553
Christian evangelism, 614
Christianity; and slavery, 373, 475, 572–573; sects, 618–621; women and, 293–294
Christian perfection, 574
Christian primitivism. See restorationism
Cinqué, Joseph, 601
citizenship; Mexican Cession and, 190
“Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau). See Resistance to Civil Government” (Thoreau)
Civil War, 96, 107, 117
Clark, William, 135, 136
Clay, Henry, 3, 4, 81–87
clothing, gender differences, 335
Coasting Act (1793), 37
Cobbett, William, 530
colonization option, 423–424
Colored American (periodical), 468–475, 595–601
“Colored Churches in This City” (Ray), 595–601
commerce, 38
communes. See utopianism
“Compelled to Sell, Little by Little” (Pico), 227
Compromise of 1850, 70, 71, 81–87, 89, 109, 216, 432
“Condition of Women” (Wright), 252–260
Confessions of Nat Turner, The, 389–397
Connaught, Ireland, 453
Constitution of the United States, 13–21, 90–97; Commerce Clause, 37; Necessary and Proper Clause, 13, 19–20; ratification of, 19
conversion narratives, 640
Cornish, Samuel Eli, 468, 469
Creeks. See Muskogees
Crocker, Hannah Mather, 233–240
Curry, George L., 223
Daily Alta California (newspaper), 506
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 145–146
Declaration and Address (Campbell), 549–557
Declaration of Principles of the Native American Convention, 477–484
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Stanton), 329
de la Guerra, Pablo, 202–204
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 457
Democratic Party, 116
Detroit, Seige of, 8
Dial (periodical), 300, 309, 587
Disciples of Christ, 540, 556
“Discovery of Gold in California, The” (Sutter), 210–217
domestic dependent nations, 66
Douglass, Frederick, 398–406, 424
Douglas, Stephen, 99–100, 105, 106
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 89–97, 100, 105–106
“Early Factory Labor in New England” (Robinson), 279, 283, 285
“Editorial on Ethnic Colonies in Alabama and Illinois” (Niles), 534
educational reform, 325–326, 327, 605
“Education of Free Men, The” (Mann), 364
emancipation; gradual, 408, 427, 595
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 298–306, 308, 339, 587, 590, 592; biography, 299–300
Emigrant’s Narrative; or, A Voice from the Steerage, An (Smith), 495–503
Emmet, Robert, 453
Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, with Reference to the Duty of American Females (Beecher), 293
evangelical faiths, 613. See also nonevangelical faiths
federal rights; debate, 19, 55–58
Federal Street Congregational Church, Boston, 560
Finney, Charles G., 567–568
First Bank of the United States. See Bank of the United States, First
Five Civilized Tribes, 44
food and cooking, 492
“Foreigner in My Own Land, A” (Seguín), 164–172
Founding Fathers; slavery and, 115
France; history of, 457
free black press, 474
free blacks; and colonization, 423–424; kidnapping of, 427, 431–434; legal status, 427, 595
freedom of religion; Christian unity and, 555
Freedom’s Journal (periodical), 374
Freemasonry, 234, 238
frontier thesis, 203
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 70–79, 86, 89, 419
Fuller, Margaret, 308–317
Fulton, Robert, 32–33
Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 464
Gadsden Purchase, 188
Gandhi, Mahatma, 347
gender roles and relations, 237–240, 257–259, 422
“General Remarks on the State of Theological Opinion in America”, 613–621
General Trades’ Union, 270–277
George III of Great Britain, 453
George Washington Gómez (Paredes), 171–172
Georgia, 67
“Germans in America Are on the Rise” (Weitz), 513–519
Gibbons, Thomas, 33–37
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), 32–39
Gilbert, Olive, 409
Gnadenhutten massacre, 630
gold rush, 486
Graham, Sylvester, 267
Gray, Thomas Ruffin, 389, 390
Great Awakening, First, 613
Great Awakening, Second, 262–263, 378, 539, 546, 559, 567, 613
“Great Lawsuit, The” (Fuller), 308–317
Great Revival, 544
Grimké, Angelina, 288, 289–296
Grimké, Sarah, 289
Guerra, Pablo de la. See de la Guerra, Pablo
Haiti, 253
Hall, George, 193, 194
hardtack, 179
Harpers Ferry, Virginia, 350
Harris, George (Uncle Tom’s Cabin), 424
Harrison, William Henry, 625–631, 632
Haun, Catherine, 486–487, 491–493
Hayne, Robert Y., 50, 55–56
Hayne-Webster debate. See Webster-Hayne debate
health and medicine, 492
holiness theology. See Christian perfection
Holy Alliance, 29
Hopkinson, Joseph, 18
Hopkins, Samuel, 560
Houston, Sam, 165
human nature, 275
“I Believe in the Divinity of Labor” (Ripley), 586–593
immigrants; assimilation of, 518; difficulties faced by, 513; violence against, 517
immigration, 11, 477–478, 481–483; Chinese, 193–194, 217, 505; European, 495, 502, 516; German, 517–518; Irish, 447–455, 499; Roman Catholic, 577–584; transatlantic crossing, 495–496, 499–502
impressment, 9–10
Indian Removal Act (1830), 41–42, 44, 67
“Indian’s Looking Glass for the White Man, An” (Apess), 634–642
Indian Territory, 42, 44, 47
Industrial Revolution, 271, 283, 339, 514–519
intemperance, 267
Ireland; famine, 448, 455; history, 447, 452–454
Irish aid organizations, 448–452
Irish independence, 454
“I Will Sink or Swim with My Race” (Rock), 440
Jackson, Andrew, 119; biography, 42; message to Congress on Indian removal, 41–48; message to the Senate and House regarding South Carolina’s Nullification Ordinance, 119; Supreme Court and, 65, 67
Jay Treaty, 3
Jefferson, Thomas, 125, 126, 129–130
Jones, Absalom, 381, 382
Jones, Walter, 18
Journals of Lewis and Clark, The, 135–143
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 47, 100, 105
Kentucky, 544
Kentucky Revival, The (McNemar), 539–547
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 347
Know-Nothing Party, 194, 477, 478, 513
La Amistad. See Amistad
labor movement, 270–277, 284–285
labor reform, 327
Lai Chun-Chen, 199
land grants; Mexican Cession, 190
Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery, The (McNemar), 539
Lectures on Revivals of Religion (Finney), 567–575
Lemoine, Stephen P., 447, 452–455
Lewis and Clark expedition, 135–143
Lewis, Meriwether, 135, 136
Liberia, 423
“Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable” (Webster), 50–58
Lincoln, Abraham, 418; biography, 100; “House Divided” speech, 99–107
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 107
Ling Sing, 194
Livingston-Fulton steamboat monopoly, 32–39
Livingston, Robert R., 32–33, 125, 130
Loom and Spindle (Robinson), 279–285
Louisiana Native American Association, 521
Louisiana Purchase, 135
Louisiana Purchase Treaty, 125–133
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 283
Lowell, Massachusetts, 283–285
Lowell Mill Girls, 279–286
Lowell Offering (magazine), 280
Manifesto of Robert Owen (Owen), 319–327
Mann, Horace, 364
Marshall, James W., 214
Marshall, John, 13, 14, 32, 33, 37–39, 60, 61, 90
Martin, Luther, 18
Maryland; slavery, 402
Mather, Cotton, 475
McCulloch v. Maryland, 13–21
McNemar, Richard, 539–540
medicine and health, 492
“Memorial of James P. Miller and 96 Other Electors” (Miller), 578
Mexican Americans, 203, 206–208; citizenship, 190
Mexican-American War, 183–191, 340, 344
Mexican Cession, 191
Mexico; and settlement of Texas, 160–161; US border, 189
militias, 10
Millar, Rabina Craig, 257
Miller, James Patterson, 578–580
Mississippi River, 125
Missouri Compromise, 81, 95
Monroe Doctrine, 23–30
Monroe, James, 23, 24, 126, 130
Moore, Ely, 270–277
Mormons, 619, 620
Morse, Samuel F. B., 582
Mott, Lucretia, 330
Murray, Hugh, 193–194
Muskogees, 44
Napoleon. See Bonaparte, Napoleon
Narrative of Sojourner Truth, 408–415
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (Douglass), 398–406
Nashoba, 253, 258
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 337
Native American Party. See Know-Nothing Party
nativism, 194, 477–478, 513, 584
Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 463
“Nature and Occasions of Intemperance, The” (Beecher), 262–268
“New Democratic Doctrine, The”, 368
New Harmony community, 320
New Mexico Territory, 84
newspapers, 517
New York; African American churches in, 374; electors, 577–584; Irish immigrants, 447; transportation, 32, 38
New York, New York; economic history, 270
New York Protestant Association, 577
Niles, Hezekiah, 534
nonevangelical faiths, 613, 619–621
North Carolina, 42
Northup, Solomon, 427–428
Northwest Indian War, 626
nullification debate, 50, 57
O’Brien clan, 453
“Observations on the Real Rights of Women”, 233–240
Ogden, Aaron, 33–37
Oklahoma, 47
“On Seizing Land from Native Californians” (de la Guerra), 202–208
“On Texan Independence” (Austin), 155–162
On the Description of Persons to Whom Emigration Would Be Most Beneficial (Cobbett), 530
“Oration before the Shamrock Friendly Association” (Lemoine), 447–455
“Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade” (Williams), 373–379
Oregon Territory, 174
Ossoli, Giovanni Angelo, 309
Overland Trail, 174, 179
Owen, Robert, 319–320
Paley, William, 345
Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 604, 605, 608
People v. Hall (California Supreme Court), 193–200
petition (politics), 294–295
Petition to the US Congress Regarding the Great Influx of Roman Catholics (Miller), 577–584
Pico, Antonio Maria, 227
Pierce, Maris B., 657
Pinkney, William, 18
Plan for Improving Female Education, A (Willard), 242–250
“Plan of the West Roxbury Community, The” (Peabody), 604–611
Polk, James, 183
postmillennialism, 572
“Present at the Beginning of the Gold Rush” (Buffum), 219
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 76
Pringle, Catherine Sager, 174–175
Procter, Henry, 625–630, 631
“Progress and Extent of Immigration Prior to 1819” (Bromwell), 525
Protestants; anti-Catholicism of, 577; sects, 618
Protocol of Querétaro, 188
Quakers, 337, 573; abolition and slavery, 378
Queenstown, Battle of, 8
race relations, 462–464
racism, 198–199; against American Indians, 47, 640; against Chinese immigrants, 193, 199–200, 505, 508–510; Christian argument against, 641; against immigrants, 482–483; against Mexican Americans, 206–208; scientific, 199
Ray, Charles Bennett, 468, 469, 595–596
Red Jacket; speech to Reverend Jacob Cram, 644
reform movements, social, 262, 266, 337, 574
“Regarding Oregon Statehood” (Curry), 223
Religion in America (Baird), 613–621
religious diversity, US, 618–621
republican motherhood, 238, 247, 257, 309, 334
Republican Party, 116; formation, 99
“Resistance to Civil Government” (Thoreau), 339–348
Resolutions of the Treaty Party, 651
restorationism, 556–557
revivalism, 262, 539, 544–547, 567–575
Reynolds, Thomas, 453
Ridge, John, 651
“Rights of Man to Property, The” (Skidmore), 360
Rio Grande, 189
Ripley, George, 586, 587–588, 609
Robertson, William, 581
Robinson, Harriet H., 279–280
Rock, John S., 440
Roman Catholicism, 619, 620
romanticism, 308
Ross, John, 61, 67
runaway slaves, 70
Rush, Benjamin, 257
Russian Empire, 27
Sabbatarianism, 573
Sabbath Day, 619
Sacagawea, 139
sacramental meetings, 545
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 184
Scott, Dred, 93
Scott, Winfield, 183
sea travel; accommodations, 495–496; difficulties for passengers, 500–501; diseases, 501
Second Bank of the United States. See Bank of the United States, Second
Second Great Awakening. See Great Awakening, Second
sectarianism, 554–555
sectionalism, 78, 84–87
Seguín, Juan Nepomuceno, 164–172
Self-Reliance (Emerson), 298–306
Seminoles, 44
Seneca Falls convention, 329–330
sermons, Election Day, 562
Seward, William H., 109–110
Shakers, 540, 620
Shamrock Friendly Association, 447, 454
Skidmore, Thomas, 360
slave insurrection, 389–397, 601
slave narrative, 389–397, 398–406, 427–434
slavery, 100, 357, 373, 377, 381, 385, 427, 464–465, 468, 601; and Alexis de Tocqueville, 464; abolition of, 373–379; and Christianity, 385–386, 387; in literature, 418–419, 423–425; legal aspects, 70–79, 81–87, 89–97, 104, 381–387, 427–428, 431–433; Northern, 408–415; physical punishment, 433; political aspects, 114–115; religious justifications for, 404, 405, 475, 572; religious opposition to, 572–573; separation of families, 433; westward expansion, 116, 216
Smith, William, 495–496
socialism, 320, 592, 604
Society of Friends. See Quakers
South Carolina, 50
Speech in Congress on the War of 1812 (Clay), 3–11
Speech on Conciliation with America (Burke), 259
Speer, William, 199
“Sphere of Woman and Man as Moral Beings the Same, The” (A. Grimké), 288–296
“Spiritual Freedom” (Channing), 559–564
Springfield Presbytery, 539
St. Ann’s Lodge, 234
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 249, 329–337
states’ rights, 86; debate, 19, 55–58
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 418–419
St. Patrick’s Day, 452
suffrage movement, 329–337
Supreme Court, US, 57; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 45, 60–68; Dred Scott v. Sandford, 89–97; Gibbons v. Ogden, 32–39; Jackson administration and, 65; McCulloch v. Maryland, 13–21; original jurisdiction, 65
Sutter, John A., 210–211, 214–216
Taney, Roger B., 89–90
Tassel, George, 61
Taylor, Zachary, 183
Tecumseh, 625–632
Tejanos, 164–166, 169–172
temperance movement, 262–268, 518, 573
Tennessee; politics, 42
Tenth Amendment, 20
Texas; Compromise of 1850 and, 85; statehood, 183; War of Independence, 155–161, 164–165
“Thanksgiving Sermon on Abolition of the Slave Trade, A” (Jones), 381–387
Thoreau, Henry David, 339–348, 357
time, perception of, 518–519
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 457–458
transcendentalism, 298, 299, 302–305, 308, 309, 340, 560, 563, 564, 586–587, 604, 609
Travis, William B., 160
Treaty of Fort Wayne, 625, 631, 632
Treaty of Greenville, 626, 630
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 183–191, 210
Treaty of New Echota, 67
Trial of John Brown, The, 350–358
Trist, Nicholas Philip, 183–184
Troy Female Seminary, 243, 249
Truth, Sojourner, 408, 416
Truth Teller (periodical), 577
Turner, Benjamin, 394
Turner, Nat, 389–397
Twelve Years a Slave (Northup), 427–434
Two Years before the Mast (Dana), 145, 146, 152
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 418–425
unemployment; during the Industrial Revolution, 516–517
Unitarian Baptists, 619
Unitarianism, 298–299, 559–565, 586, 619, 620
Utah; statehood, 84
utopianism, 324–327, 586, 604, 609. See also Brook Farm
Views of Society and Manners in America (Wright), 252, 253
Vindication of the Rights of Women, A (Wollstonecraft), 233, 239
Virginia; slavery, 389, 390–397
“Voice of Warning to the Native-Born Patriots of Our Country, The”, 521
wagons, 179, 491
Wahkiakum Indians, 140
Walker, David, 436
War of 1812, 3–11, 625–626, 631–632
Washington, DC; slavery and, 85
Webster, Daniel, 18, 50–58, 641
Webster-Hayne debate, 55
Weekly Advocate (periodical). See Colored American, The
Weitz, Martin, 513–518
wellness movements, 267
“We Love the Land That Covers the Bones of Our Fathers”, 648
Westward migration, 491–493
Whig Party, 110
Whitman, Marcus, 175
Willard, Emma Hart, 242–250
Williams, Peter, Jr., 373–379
Wilmot Proviso, 84
Wirt, William, 18, 61, 65, 641
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 233, 239, 252
Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Fuller), 308
Woman’s Rights Convention, 329
“Woman’s Trip across the Plains, A” (Haun), 486–493
women’s education, 242–250
women’s rights movement, 233–240, 252–260, 293–295, 308–316, 329–337
Woolman, John, 378
Worcester v. Georgia, 67
Wright, Frances, 252–260
Wyandot Nation, 648
Young Men’s Fremont and Dayton Central Union, 368